1. Energy Systems in Norway Kjersti Øyen Skjalg Holther VL Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft SS 2005 TU Berlin

2. Outline Norway in general Energy usage and production trends in Norway Hydropower International trade Case study: Power Crisis of 2002

3. Norway Greatest City of Sweden Northwestern Corner of Europe Constitutional Monarchy Parliamentarism Pop: 4.6 mill GDP p. capita (1992): 20 000 € Geography: Characterized by one large mountain chain from north to south, highland plateau far north, open planes south- east. Snow 4 months/year in the South, 6 months/year in the north and the mountains Area: 323 878km 2 ~ Italy Coastline: 58 000 km Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

4. Norway Oil exporting country Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

5. The Energy balance [PJ] SumCoalCokeWood, waste Crude oil PetrolNatural gas Hydro energy ElectricityDistrict heating Production110386,581,658,55 868,6575,23 339,8462,8 Import263,621,525,41,415,9144,754,8 Export9236,677,00,705 384,0785,92 975,213,7 Bunker22,2 Stock14,9-0,70,56,48,8 Net dom.1406,425,425,259,8506,9-79,4364,6462,841,4 Convertion1095,80,81,68,2532,688,70,3462,80,9 Production21046,86,1598,3397,510,4 Consum.226,94,8212,49,7 Raw mat.69,942,427,5 Loss37,0 3,031,62,4 Statistic err.208,22,02,4-25,794,9132,40,0 Net d. End815,322,625,151,6288,123,4396,48,0 Industry301,122,625,022,731,022,0176,51,2 Energy ind.188,816,619,50,29,419,7122,90,4 Wood48,80,0 17,47,20,423,60,2 Mining63,56,05,55,014,41.930,00,7 Transport209,3206,80,42,1 Transport305,00,128,950,41,0217,86,8 Source: Statistics Norway Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

6. Energy use per capita in OECD Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

7. Electricity production Total installed power: 28 GW Average hydropower capacity: 119TWh/year. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

8. Energy use per carrier and sector Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

9. Use of electricity in private households Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

10. Heating technologies in private households Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

11. Hydropower consumption world wide: Source: Hveding, 1992 Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

12. Hydropower production 99% of electricity production. 4000 water systems 7 out of 10 waterfalls utilized Topography decides how, and in which way one can take advantage of the water: –Short waterfalls and long waterfalls  different energy potential and technology Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

13. Regulating reservoir Energy potential stored in lakes, or artificial reservoirs (pools) dimmed up. Season regulation Short-term regulation, days, weeks Reservoir capacity Economic profit Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

14. Inflow vs. production Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

15. Hydropower potential Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

16. Environmental impacts of hydropower. Pure electricity production BUT; building water systems involves change or destruction of nature. –Area Roads Removing mass, and so on. Immense alteration of mountain scenery –Fish population and vegetation Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

17. Power network Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

18. International Cooperation EFTA and EEA The Baltic see cooperation (BASREC) Scandinavian cooperation. The European energy charter IEA EUs water directive Other EU energy programs. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

19. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

20. Nord Pool The Scandinavian Electricity exchange. –Sets the spot price of electricity every hour in the physical marked. Three main trade groups: –Physical market –Financial market –Clearing Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

21. Case study: Winter 2002/03 The winter of 2002/03 electricity prices in Norway reached an all time high. Later this incidence has been called the “Power Crisis” Energy production vary every year,  to balance supply and demand production changes must balance import, export and usage Northern Europe’s energy system depends on the Inflow. Problems started right before the drain off season. –Autumn 2002 low Inflow to reservoirs. –Very cold and long winter. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

22. Spot-prices 2002-2003 Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

23. Inflow from 1931 to 2002 Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

24. Inflow 2002/03 in Scandinavia Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

25. Changes in the Northern marked Adjustment in the Northern marked, due to the failed rainfall. –the water energy reservoirs has been a important buffer between production and use –free thermal production capacity from other northern countries was gradually taken in use –import of energy from countries outside Northern became greater –The use of electricity was dimmed, particular by transition to other energy carrier. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

26. Compensation *Mostly Russia Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

27. Price changes. The Prices varied a lot during the whole of 2002, low in the spring, high in the fall During the winter 2002/2 the spot price varied from 50-80 øre/kWh (=6,25-10 cent/kWh) It remained higher than normal during the whole spring season. Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

28. Change in electricity use. Fall 2002; 2% Higher energy use in Scandinavia First half of 2003; 0,5 Lower energy use in Scandinavia. –Norway decreased their Energy usage, with 4TWh Crises like this happens every 100- 200 years. (Source: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy) Norway Energy usage Hydropower International Crisis

29. References Norwegian ministry of Petroleum and Energy 2004: Energi og vassdragsvirksomheten i Norge 2004. OED, Oslo. Statistics Norway: Energy statistics 2005 www.ssb.no www.ssb.no V. Hveding, 1992: Vannkraft i Norge, NTH Institutt for vassbygging, Trondheim.