1. EDU31ACL – Australian Children’s Literature Adventure Stories Lecture 2 Critical elements in Adventure stories © La Trobe University, David Beagley 2005

2. Lecture slides available: http://www.latrobe.edu.au/childlit/courses.htm Also held at Short Loan Desk – ask for “Lecture Notes for Australian Children’s Literature”

3. Focus Gender roles Politics and world view Social realism and issues

4. Gender roles – 19 th century Boys get Kidnapped, girls get Avonlea Boys go out into the world to encounter their adventures Girls stay home and have the adventures come to them Thus, as the nature of the adventure is largely determined by the setting, it is therefore determined by the gender role Boys active and exploratory, girls passive and domestic Little House(s), Railway Children, 7 Little Australians

5. Gender roles – 19 th century A mixture of the extraordinary and the probable if the events in a story are too mundane, they fail to excite, but a sequence of completely extraordinary events fails to be credible (Butts) The adventure must be within the reach of the reader - it should be possible to believe it could happen to you As girls were presumed to be domestic, sailing away to a rip roarin’ adventure would be too great a departure from the probable – a girl doing a Huck Finn would be almost unthinkable femaleness exists as an extension of maleness – male “protector” is always nearby

6. Gender roles Children’s books are still seen as a mechanism to teach appropriate social values The values required by the hero to achieve the resolution are those deemed socially ideal

7. Gender roles – 20 th century Gender roles change (Female suffrage, WWI and workforce, roaring 20s etc.) Therefore literary representations of gender change: Girls’ school stories – jolly hockey sticks! Mixed, but equal, gender groups – F5, S7 Girls questioning the boundaries set for them – Biggles/Worrals, George of F5 Solo female heroes and leaders – Nancy Drew, Carolyn Keene, Ellie But constraints still there – Cherry Ames, Hazel Green, Hermione Grainger, Horrendo vs Tiff ?

8. Politics and world views – 19 th century Early adventures as Mechanisms of Empire Exotic settings far away from “civilization” Includes Australian bush “Different” cultural & ethnic groups (primitives) encountered and opposed Hero/protagonists as agents of Empire (civilization), using their superior skills to subdue the “primitive” The exotic other – people and places

9. Politics and world views – 20 th century Imperial dichotomy replaced by other political oppositions: Other imperial powers (foreign agents) The Cold War Non-Europeans still distrusted Internal social class becomes a defining element, often linked to crime: working class/middle class, urban/rural Marxist social view

10. Politics and world views – 21st century Key political elements still direct representation Globalization – other cultures and societies now more familiar and given integrity Not necessarily a European going into the exotic Parvana – Afghanistan The Heaven shop - Africa Chinese Cinderella But the focus is on social negatives – war, famine, AIDS – in those non-European societies Social dislocation – urban problems such as homelessness, crime, unemployment or personal disasters such as pregnancy, drugs, abuse Has fantasy become the new exotic?

11. Social Issues and Realism Late 20 th century saw sudden expansion of “acceptable” topics in children’s literature Judy Blume Forever (1976), Robin Klein Came back to show you I could fly (1985), Sonya Hartnett Sleeping Dogs (1995) Is children’s literature the place for warts’n’all reality? Protection (shield them from the nasties, they will get enough later) vs Vaccination (finding out from the safety of a book prepares them to face reality)

12. Social Issues and Realism Children’s Literature vs Young Adult/Teen literature – where and what are the boundaries? What is Adventure? Does it require: Action ? Violence and conflict ? Danger and threat ? Overt or implied ? Should it question or answer?