1. North Carolina salt marshes Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 1, North Carolina salt marshes (Courtesy: John Bruno)

2. A New England salt marsh at high tide Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 2, A New England salt marsh (Courtesy: John Bruno)

3. Salt marsh zonation Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 3, New England salt marsh zonation (Courtesy: John Bruno) Spartina alterniflora Juncus gerardi Iva frutescens Spartina patens

4. A North Carolina salt marsh Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 4, A North Carolina salt marsh (Courtesy: John Bruno)

5. Salt marsh zonation Session 4: Estuuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 5, Zonation of a typical North Carolina salt marsh (Courtesy: John Bruno) Spartina alterniflora Juncus roemerianus Iva frutescens

6. Salt marsh bare patch generation by physical disturbance Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 6, bare patch generation Two physical disturbances that can create bare patches in salt marshes. (Courtesy: Mark Bertness) Ice rafting disturbance Wrack disturbance

7. Bare patch recolonization Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 7, bare patch recolonization A salt marsh bare patch being recolonized by spike grass, an early colonist but competitively inferior species. (Courtesy: Mark Bertness)

8. Salt marsh dredging Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 8, salt marsh dredging (Courtesy: John Bruno)

9. Fringing salt marshes Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 9, fringing salt marshes A fringing New England salt marsh (Courtesy: John Bruno)

10. Seagrass beds Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4.10, seagrass beds A tropical seagrass bed (Courtesy: John Bruno)

11. Estuarine habitats Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4.11, estuarine habitats Salt marsh, oyster reef, and mud flat habitats (Courtesy: John Bruno)

12. Oyster reef Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 4. 12, oyster reef Close up photograph of an oyster reef (Courtesy: John Bruno)