1. MECHANISMS OF AGING TheoryPrinciples DNA & Genetic Theory Aging is predetermined by genetic programming. Neuroendocrine Theory Loss of hypothalamic regulation and cell sensitivity to hormones. Free Radical Theory Cellular damage by production of metabolic free radicals. Membrane Theory Decline in cell efficiency via loss of lipid in cell membrane. Hayflick Limit TheoryLimitation of cell division. Mitochondial Decline TheoryDysfunction of mitochondria in cells. Cross-Linking Theory Impairment of protein functions via glycosylation.

2. AGED-RELATED DISEASES Parkinson’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Endogenous Depression Stroke

3. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

4. THE PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Amyloid Plaques Neurofibrillary Tangles

5. FORMATION OF BETA-AMYLOID PLAQUE

6. FORMATION OF NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE

7. THE CHANGING BRAIN IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Pre-clinical ADMild ADSevere AD Normal AD

8. PARKINSON’S DISEASE

9. THE PATHOLOGICAL HALLMARK OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE Lewy bodies

10. FORMATION OF LEWY BODIES  -SYNUCLEIN DEPOSITION MITOCHONDRION DYSFUNCTION

11. THE CHANGING BRAIN IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE

12. OTHER AGE-RELATED DISEASES StrokeDepression