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Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds in a Gas As a result of momentum transfer during collisions between gas molecules and between molecules and the container.

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Presentation on theme: "Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds in a Gas As a result of momentum transfer during collisions between gas molecules and between molecules and the container."— Presentation transcript:

1 Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds in a Gas As a result of momentum transfer during collisions between gas molecules and between molecules and the container walls, there is a distribution of speeds.

2 Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 68 (2005) pp. 1043–1094 R = N A k

3 A constant-volume gas thermometer

4 van der Waals Parameters of Selected Gases Gas a (L 2 atm. mol -2 ) b (L mol -1 ) Air1.40.039 Ammonia4.170.037 Argon1.350.032 Carbon Dioxide3.590.043 Ethane5.490.064 Helium0.0340.024 Hydrogen0.2440.027 Nitrogen1.390.039 Oxygen1.360.032 Xenon4.190.051

5 it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_di_Van_der_Waals PV diagram for CO 2 n = 1 V (dm 3 ) P (kPa) 1 atm.  101 kPa

6 Phase Diagram of CO 2 Matter condenses when attractive intermolecular bond energies are comparable to or greater than thermal (i.e. kinetic) energy ~ kT. Image: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/602/616516/Chapter_10.html

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