1. PART I INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 4 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster Demand and Supply Applications Fernando & Yvonn Quijano Prepared by:

2. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 2 of 22 4 PART I INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS Demand and Supply Applications The Price System: Rationing and Allocating ResourcesPrice RationingConstraints on the Market and Alternative Rationing MechanismsPrices and the Allocation of ResourcesPrice FloorsSupply and Demand Analysis: An Oil Import FeeSupply and Demand and Market EfficiencyConsumer SurplusProducer SurplusCompetitive Markets Maximize the Sum of Producer and Consumer SurplusPotential Causes of DeadweightLoss from Under- and OverproductionLooking Ahead CHAPTER OUTLINE

3. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 3 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Price rationing: The process by which the price system allocates goods and services to consumers when there is a shortage. Suppose in 2008 that 15,000 square miles of lobstering waters off the coast of Maine are closed. The supply curve shifts to the left. Before the waters are closed, the lobster market is in equilibrium at the price of $11.50 and a quantity of 81 million pounds. The decreased supply of lobster leads to higher prices, and a new equilibrium is reached at $16.10 and 60 million pounds.

4. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 4 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources The adjustment of price is the rationing mechanism in free markets. Price rationing means that whenever there is a shortage exists, the price of the good will rise until equilibrium is reached. There is some price that will clear any market, even if supply is strictly limited. In an auction for a unique painting, the price (bid) will rise to eliminate excess demand until there is only one bidder willing to purchase the single available painting. Price Rationing: The Market for a Rare Panting

5. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 5 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources On occasion, both governments and private firms decide to use some mechanism other than the market system to ration an good in shortage. Regardless of the rationale, two things are clear: 1.Attempts to bypass price rationing in the market and use alternative rationing devices are more costly than they seem. 2. Often, such attempts distribute costs and benefits among households in unintended ways.

6. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 6 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Oil, Gasoline, and OPEC Price Ceiling: When a maximum legal price is charged for a good. In 1974, a ceiling price of $0.57 cents per gallon of gasoline was imposed. The equilibrium price was $1.50 per gallon. At $0.57 per gallon, there was a shortage in the market. Because the price system was not allowed to function, a governmental rationing system was used to distributed the available supply of gasoline.

7. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 7 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Queuing: Waiting in line as a means of distributing goods and services Favored Customers: Those who receive special treatment from dealers during situations of excess demand Alternative Rationing Mechanisms Ration Coupons: Tickets or coupons that entitle individuals to purchase a certain amount of a given product per month Black Market: A market in which illegal trading takes place at market-determined prices

8. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 8 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Concert by a Popular Musician The face value of a ticket to the Justin Timberlake concert on September 16, 2007, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles was $50. The Staples Center holds 20,000. The supply curve is vertical at 20,000. At $50, the quantity supplied is below the quantity demanded. The diagram shows that the equilibrium price was $300. On E-Bay, some tickets were sold at $16,000 each.

9. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 9 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources No matter how good the intentions of private organizations and governments, it is very difficult to prevent the price system from operating and to stop willingness to pay from asserting itself. Every time an alternative is tried, the price system seems to sneak in the back door. With favored customers and black markets, the final distribution may be even more unfair than that which would result from simple price rationing.

10. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 10 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Price changes resulting from shifts of demand in output markets cause profits to rise or fall. Profits attract capital and enable firms to pay higher wages. Higher wages attract labor and encourage workers to acquire skills. At the core of the system, supply, demand, and prices in input and output markets determine the allocation of resources and the ultimate combinations of things produced.

11. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 11 of 22 The Price Mechanism atWork for Shakespeare Every summer, New York City puts on free performances of Shakespeare in the Park. The true cost of a ticket is $0 plus the opportunity cost of the time spent in line. Some high school/college students pick up tickets by waiting in line. They then turn around and sell tickets to more affluent Shakespeare lovers. The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources

12. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 12 of 22 The Price System: Rationing and Allocating Resources Price Floor: When a minimum legal price is charged for a good. The Minimum Wage: When the government sets the market wage above the equilibrium wage.

13. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 13 of 22 Supply and Demand Analysis: An Oil Import Fee The U.S. Market for Crude Oil, 1989

14. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 14 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency Consumer Surplus: The difference between the maximum amount a person is willing to pay for a good and its current market price.

15. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 15 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency

16. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 16 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency Producer Surplus: The difference between the market price and the cost of production for the firm.

17. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 17 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency

18. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 18 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency Competitive Markets maximize the sum of PS and CS Total producer and consumer surplus is greatest where supply and demand curves intersect at equilibrium.

19. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 19 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency Dead-weight Loss: The net loss of producer and consumer surplus from underproduction or overproduction.

20. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 20 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency

21. CHAPTER 4 Demand and Supply Applications © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Macroeconomics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster 21 of 22 Supply and Demand and Market Efficiency Potential Causes of Deadweight Loss From Under- and Overproduction When supply and demand interact freely, competitive markets produce what people want at least cost, that is, they are efficient. There are a number of naturally occurring sources of market failure: Monopoly power gives firms the incentive to underproduce and overprice Taxes and subsidies may distort consumer choices External costs such as pollution and congestion may lead to over- or underproduction of some goods Price floors and price ceilings may have the same effects.