1. Geographic Information Systems GIS Output

2. 1. Color Theory Additive primaries blue, green, and red Subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta

3. 1. (1) Additive Primaries Superimposing blue, green, and red light blue + green + red = white

4. Yellow, cyan, and magenta are complements to blue, red, and green, respectively Various combinations of the three primaries produce different colors 1. (1) Additive Primaries

5. 1. (2) Subtractive Primaries Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye: yellow + magenta + cyan = black yellow + magenta = red yellow + cyan = green magenta + cyan = blue

6. 1. (2) Subtractive Primaries Yellow, cyan, and magenta Cyan = white – red Magenta = white – green Yellow = white - blue

7. 2. Cartographic Symbols Point symbols Line symbols Area symbols

8. 2. (1) Point Symbols Points e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees Lines e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes Areas e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions

9. Strategies of Symbolization USGS Map Symbols http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt The use of point, line, and area symbols depends on - spatial scale of a project - purpose of a project - convention

10. Strategies of Symbolization M. Dolce

11. Strategies of Symbolization

13. Identification and Awareness of Hazardous Waste Sites

14. Strategies of Symbolization Chesapeake Bay nitrogen levels Chesapeake Bay nitrogen levels

15. 3. Primary Graphic Elements Hue Value Size Shape Spacing Orientation Location http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt

16. 3. Primary Graphic Elements Hue - Color Value - Lightness or darkness of a mark, tone Size - size of a mark Shape - shape of a mark Spacing - distance between component marks Orientation - directional arrangement of marks Location - location of map components, titles, legends, etc.

17. 3. (7) Location Location of map components, titles, legends, etc Title Legend Data source http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

18. Shape/ Pattern Color Point Data Nominal Numerical Line Data Area Data Nominal Numerical Graphic Element X X X X X X Size X X X Value X X X X -- Graphic Element is not suitable. http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

19. 4. Components of Map Design Clarity and legibility Visual contrast Visual balance Figure vs. ground Hierarchical organization

20. 4. (1) Clarity and Legibility Size Length vs. width Contrasting color and shape of symbols Map components

21. 4. (2) Visual Contrast Sufficient difference among symbols

22. Jim Besley & Kurt Snider, US Fish & Wildlife Service 4. (3) Visual Balance Relative position and visual importance of map components The two centers of an image space Optical Center Geometric center The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the optical center, rather than the geometric center

23. 4. (4) Figure vs. Ground Differentiation, closed, small or continuous forms, brightness, detail of features and ground Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

24. 4. (4) Figure vs. Ground Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

25. 4. (5) Hierarchical Organization Extensional - network of lines of varying significance Subdivisional - internal relationship of a hierarchy

26. Hierarchy Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy.

27. Hierarchy

28. Readings Chapter 7