2. Better city – better life Heinz-Peter MANG & Ina Patricia JURGA Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection (IEEP) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE) E-mail: mang@ieep.net International Conference on

3. Mega Cities- Mega problems http://www.megacities.uni-koeln.de

4. Water is a precious resource http://whyfiles.org/ 131fresh_water/2.html

5. ( Old) Mega cities- mega problems Cloaca Maxima Ancient Rome Fresh water via Aquaduct

6. New Mega Cities - Same old Problems.... High sanitary investment costs Leaching sewers, blocked pipes leads to groundwater pollution, and high maintenance costs Conventional sanitation systems are inflexible to rapid urban development High amount of drinking water is used to flush, dilute and transport a little amount of polluting wastewater Developing Chinas urban (waste)water system will require $12 billion before 2010 (with 60% coverage) Water 21, Oct 2004 Beijing - 12 Mio Bangalore - 6 Mio Malta – Valletta - 0.3 Mio Beijing - 15 Mio

7. Beijing (15 Million) Hosting WORLD TOILET SUNMIT 2004 3000 public toilets will be renovated Alone from 10 Toilets in the Forbidden City 150 t collected per year US$29 million over the last three years on building or renovating 747 latrines at scenic spots. Still 5% of the population depends only on public toilets

8. Shanghai (20 Million) Hosting WORLD TOILET EXPO& FORUM 2005 Currently 3,640 public toilets, whereof 2085 are governmental runned, otheres are private Shanghai Administration on City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation Today 1,1 Mio public toilet users/day, Expected for 2010, 4 Mio. public toilet users/day 4000 tons/day of nightsoil still colleted from house- to-house services

9. Public toilet standard The city sanitary departments issued the following standards for new build toilets: -good design, -considering potty parity, -facilities for handicapped and child-friendly design, -consider different cultures and toilet habits -easy access to the toilets by signs and maps, -cleaning service provision and toilet operation, -environmental friendly & recycling oriented.

10. Potty Parity ??? Women pay 0,5 Yuan Men pay 0,3 Yuan Plan 1 Yuan for each ?! Ratio for women:men 3:2 by 2010

13. Toilet Management

14. Examples in China Greywater recycling, Kempinski Hotel Beijing Composting toilets and constructed wetland Dean Group, Ningbo DEWATS Sino-German Vocational Training Center, Shanghai http://www.biogest-international.de http://www.borda.de http://www.chinadean.com

15. Jinshui

18. Shengtaijie

20. Sinnichi 0,4 liters

21. Huajie

22. Ecological Sanitation for cities Ecocity Builder Association & Dean Group (2003)

23. Decentralised treatment alternatives: DEWATS 分散式废水处理系统 DEcentralised WAstewater Treatment Systems Suitable Technologies Baffled septic tank Biogas Constructed wetlands http://www.borda.de Combination of different low- maintenance technologies: GERES & BORDA & BRTC (1994)

24. BRTC/ BORDA/ GTZ research project (2004) Separate urine, greywater, faeces to: Bathroom -, Kitchen & brown water Improve effluent quality Reduce the size of treatment Economical benefit And Urine Support organic agriculture Prime material for fertilizer companies Wenjiang, Chengdu

25. Vacuum Pipe Work Interface Valve Unit Vacuum Station ROEVAC ® Vacuum Sewage System air Vacuum Pipe Work public toilets - Shanghai Formula 1 Save water for transport!

26. Semi-Centralised treatment alternatives: Membrane Technology 膜技术 Suitable Technologies Irrigation 冲洗 Service Water 自来水 生物转盘 膜过滤 Mechanical preliminary treatment Rotating biological contactors SBBR biofilm reactor VRM membrane reactor www.huadugreen.com www.huber.de

27. Challenges Dimensioning / frequency of use / number of users. Collection and transportation of urine and faeces to farms. Utilisation of products Misuse Service provision Financial resources are required and cooperation with private donors is recommended.

28. Considerations for Mega Cities 1)Consider the whole range of feasible technologies with public and environmental health aspects as priority. 2)Household Centered or Neighbourhood Oriented Environmental Sanitation approachs. 3)Sustainable technology should be low-cost and should require low energy input and low mechanisation. 4)Simple in operation. Prefer local labour. The maintenance should be done by local community or local contractors. Further more not relying on expensive (chemical) input. 5)Recovery of resources. 6)Technology system should be capable of being step-be step upgraded, as user demand or quality standards increase. Water is life – sanitation is dignity!

29. World Toilet Summit - November 2001 in Singapore World Toilet Summit - October 2002 in Seoul World Toilet Summit - November 2003 in Taipeh World Toilet Conference - November 2004 in Beijing World Toilet Expo & Forum - May 2005 in Shanghai World Toilet Conference - September 2005 in Belfast World Toilet Summit - September 2006 in Moscow World Toilet Expo & Forum - November 2006 in Bangkok today 37 Toilet Organizations in 35 Countries World Toilet Day 19 th of November ecosan related Tsunami Relief Work in Sri Lanka since 2005 WORLD TOILET COLLEGE in Partnership with Singapore Polytechnics Your partner Thank you! 谢谢