1. Biochemistry Review If you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned…..

2. All living matter…  CHONPS  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  Nitrogen  Phosphate  Sulfur

3. Ionic bonding  Transfer of electrons

4. Bonds  Covalent bonds: strong Polar nonpolar

5. Bonds  Hydrogen Between polar molecules Accounts for water properties Weak

6. Properties of Water  Solvent  High heat capacity  Ice floats (density anamoly)  Cohesion  Surface tension  adhesion

7. Organic Molecules  Macromolecules  Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds  Functional groups  4 classes Monosaccharides Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

8.  Determine bonding characteristics of organic molecules

9. Reactions of life  Dehydration Releases water Synthesis: builds organic polymers Anabolic: endergonic

10. Hydrolysis  Uses water  Digestion Breaks covalent bonds  Catabolic: exergonic

11. Carbohydrates  C6H12O6  Fructose, Glucose, Galactose (isomers)

12. Disaccharides  Glycosidic linkage  Sucrose=glucose & fructose  Lactose= glucose & galactose  Glucose= glucose & glucose

13. Polysaccharides  Starch=energy storage in plants  Glycogen=energy storage in animals  Cellulose=walls of plant cells  Chitin=walls of fungus and exoskeleton of arthropods

14. Lipids  Insoluble in water  Nonpolar  3 major groups Triglycerides  Saturated  Unsaturated (mono or poly) Phospholipids Steroids (ring shaped)

15. Proteins  Amino acid monomer  Peptide bond (polypeptides)  Wide variety of functions Structural Storage Transport Defensive Enzymes

16. Protein structure

17. Primary structure  Determines all else  Determined by nucleotide sequence in DNA

18. Tertiary structure (between R groups)  Hydrogen bonding  Ionic bonding  Hydrophobic effect  Disulfide bridges  Covalent bonding

19. Nucleic Acids

20. DNA vs. RNA  RNA Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil Single helix Ribose Located in nucleus and cytoplasm  DNA Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine Double helix Deoxyribose Located in nucleus

22. Enzyme Activity  Lowers activation energy  Reusable  Reaction specific

23. Enzyme activity  Proteins and/or RNA  Induced fit  Cofactors  ATP: energy for reaction activation

24. Activation & Inhibition  Cooperativity:  Allosteric sites: different from active site Inhibition: negative feedback Activitor: positive feedback  Competitive inhibition