1. 8.2 Characteristics of a High Level Programming Language
Programming languages
Low level languages
High level languages
Many to one translation
Hardware independence
Application oriented
General purpose
Powerful abstraction

2. Characteristics of a Low Level Programming Language
Low level languages
One to one translation
Hardware dependence
System programming orientation
Special purpose
Few abstractions

3. 8.4 Assembly language
Many assembly languages exist, one for each processor.
Despite differences, many assembly languages share the same fundamental structure.
A programmer who understands the assembly programming paradigm can learn a new assembly language quickly

5. 8.5 Assembly Language Syntax and Op-codes
Statement format
Op-code names
there is no global agreement on op-code names even for basic operations
Commenting conventions
The assembly language often only defines a character that starts a comment

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. 8.7 Register Names
There is no universal standard for register references

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. 8.8 Operand types
An assembly language provides a syntatic form for each possible type that the processor supports

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. 8.15 Assembly Code for Parameterized Procedure Invocation
The details of argument passing vary widely among processors
Uses a stack in memory
Uses register windows
Uses special purpose argument registers

20. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. 8.18 Interaction between Assembly and High Level Languages
The assembly program must follow the calling conventions that the high level language uses

22. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. 8.20 Two Pass Assembler
An assembler merely provides a one to one translation of each statement in the source program to the equivalent binary form

25. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. 8.21 Assembly Language Macros
To use a macro facility, a programmer adds two types of items:
Macro definitions
Macro expansions

27. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

28. From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer
From Essentials of Computer Architecture by Douglas E. Comer. ISBN © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.