1. PAKISTAN Wind energy Basics November 2006
Mechanics of Wind Energy PAKISTAN March 2007

2. Index IPEK energy Wind Energy – An Introduction
Wind Energy – Global Scenario
Legal Frame / AEDB and Role of AEDB
Wind Resources in Pakistan
Wind Energy – Some Practical Issues
Wind Energy – An Analysis / Outlook Pakistan

3. IPEK energy GmbH

4. IPEK energy GmbH We
are an independent engineering & consultancy company
support you from acquisition to turnkey ready construction of renewable power generation systems worldwide
offer skilful support with international financing and after commissioning
take the technical business management
are very flexible and act in close cooperation with our clients exactly to the requirements of the international markets

5. Key Services Engineering & Consulting acquire suitable sites
complete permitting procedures
negotiate required Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
organize international funding
supervision of construction till take over of the plan
control operations management
Wind Measuring
standard IEC confirm measuring trough Wind Mast
and SODAR measuring
Bankable Feasibility Studies
Due Diligence
Emissions Trading
Air Density and Rotor Area
A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.
The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.
The cartoon shows how a cylindrical slice of air 1 m thick moves through the m² rotor of a typical 1MW wind turbine.
With a 54m RD each cylinder actually weighs 2,8t, i.e m² x 1.225kg.
For a Turbine with 77m RD= 5,7t
Density of Air
The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume.
In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine.
At normal atmospheric pressure and at 15° Celsius air weighs some 1.225kg/m³, but the density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.
Also, the air is denser when it is cold than when it is warm. At high altitudes, (in mountains) the air pressure is lower, and the air is less dense.

6. Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Electrical Engineer (Main Branch Renewable Energies)
Active in Wind Branch since 2000
project development
project management
project implementation
engineering
due diligence
measurement and monitoring systems
wind resource assessment
teaching and education, concepts; strategies; system layout
18 Wind farm Projects realized
More than 800MW projects developed in 6 countries
Due Diligence of more than 220MW wind projects
Feasibility studies for more than 40 wind farms
Currently on going Projects of >500MW in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan

7. Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Countries of Work Experience (alphabetical order):
Croatia
Germany
Hungary
Iran
Italy
Lithuania
Pakistan
Spain
Turkey
Yemen

8. Membership/ Partners Memberships Partners
German Wind Energy Association
WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH
Wind Rose Consultancy
Pakistan Wind Energy Association
The Association of German Engineers

9. Wind Energy – An Introduction

10. How wind is converted to power?
A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades
The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends
on the density of the air
the rotor area
and the wind speed.
In other words you can get more energy:
the "heavier" the air
the “bigger” the rotor
the “higher” the wind speed

11. Key Components of a Wind Farm
Wind Turbines
Civil Works
Foundations
Road Network
Crane Places
Service buildings
Residential Quarter
Electrical Works
Step-up transformers
Wiring
Sub-station for power delivery
Wind Measuring Towers

12. Components of Wind Turbine
690V

14. Wind Energy – Global Scenario

15. Global Cumulative Installed Capacity 1995-2006

16. Global Annual Installed Capacity 1995-2006

17. Capacity Addition

18. Annual Installed Capacity by Region
Pakistan ?

19. Turbine Size Growth

20. Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Wind Energy potential
Tariff

21. Legal Frame in Pakistan
Alternative Energy Development Board
(AEDB)

22. Background
Government of Pakistan created the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on the subject of Renewable Energy
Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was appointed as the Chairman of the Board

23. Target of AEDB
Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy Technologies in National Grid by Year 2015
Act as Central Agency a- Awareness b- Policies c- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for Alternative Energy (AE) Technologies
Develop National Plans and Policies for AE a- Tax Holidays b- Encourage Private Sector c- Facilitate Investment
Foster Sustainable Development a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills. b- Initiate & Incubate Projects

24. Achievements Working actively in the fields of: Wind Power Solar Power
Micro Hydels
Biomass

25. Why Wind Power for Pakistan
Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)
Area closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take by power purchaser
Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and guaranteed for project life
Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)

26. Benefits for Sponsors – Legal Frame
Guaranteed Sale
Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan
Guaranteed Returns for Investors
Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations
Protection against inflation in local markets
No Taxes (income / import etc)
Benefit of Carbon Credits shared
Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors and Lenders

27. AEDB - Wind Power
LOIs have been issued to almost 80 interested Investors
Investors are coming from Pakistan but also from Canada, Malaysia, Turkey, USA etc
Policy for development of renewable energy in Pakistan has been approved
PPA is in final stage
Up-front Tariff have been approved by NEPRA to facilitate fast track project development
Several Investors have accept the approved Tariff of NEPRA

28. LOI – Procedure in Pakistan
Registration with AEDB
Submission of proposal to AEDB
Issuance of LOI by AEDB on submission of fee of Rs. 600,000 - after due diligence of financial strength of the company
Land allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh)
Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA & NTDC/KESC after AEDB's vetting and approval)
Generation License (from NEPRA)
Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of power
Tariff acceptance.
Energy Purchase Agreement
Implementation Agreement
LOS (to be issued by AEDB)

29. Processing Schedule (< 50MW)
Activity
Typical Allowance (Days)
a. Submission of proposal on raw site by the sponsors –
b. Review of proposal by a Project Committee constituted by Chairman, AEDB 30
c. Posting of bank a guarantee by US$ 500 per MW 15
d. Issuance of Letter of Interest (LoI) by the AEDB 7
e. Initial time allowed to carry out feasibility study and term of the LoI
Up to18 months, to be determined on a case-to-case basis
f. Tariff negotiations between sponsors and power purchaser 90
g. Approval of tariff by NEPRA
180 (maximum period)
h. Submission of Performance US$ 2,500/MW by sponsors upon approval of tariff by NEPRA
i. Issuance of LoS by the AEDB

30. A Typical Wind Farm Project Plan

31. Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Tariff
Wind Energy potential 

32. Tariff - International
Wind Tariff onshore 2006 in comparison
Pakistan

33. Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Tariff
Wind Energy potential  

34. Wind Resources in Pakistan

35. Wind Resources in Pakistan
The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km along Sindh and Balochistan coast and up to 100km deep northward over land from the coast.
44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to study the wind regime as shown in figures.

36. Wind Resources in Baluchistan
List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.

37. Wind Resources in Sindh
List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.

38. “Wind Corridor” in Pakistan.
Average summer wind direction from Gharo to Hyderabad

39. Monthly Energy Yield vs. Time of Day

40. Wind at 80m height (calculated)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mean
5,6
6,1
6,2
9,1
11,1
12,1
10,2
11,7
9,4
5,4
4,9
8,1

41. Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Tariff
Wind Energy potential   

42. Wind Power in Pakistan
14 Investors have been allocated land for project development
4 Investors have already installed own wind measuring stations
3 Investors have been started the foundation work of own wind measuring stations

43. Ground Breaking Ceremony MASTERWIND

44. Ground Breaking Ceremony ZORLU

45. Wind Energy – Some Practical Issues

46. Wind speed
The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity
The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third power) of the average wind speed
If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as much energy
2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8
Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the specific site

47. Wind measuring
The best way of measuring wind speeds at a prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to the top of a mast which has the same height as the expected hub height of the wind turbine to be used.
This way one avoids the uncertainty involved in recalculating the wind speeds to a different height.
By fitting the anemometer to the top of the mast one minimizes the disturbances of airflows from the mast itself.
If anemometers are placed on the side of the mast it is essential to place them in the prevailing wind direction in order to minimize the wind shade from the tower

48. 50m Wind Mast –Zephyr Power

49. 60m Wind Measuring Mast- NPE
First 60m Wind Measuring mast in Pakistan (

50. 80m Wind Measuring Mast- BEL
First 80m Wind Measuring mast in Pakistan (

51. Selecting a Wind Turbine Site
Wind Conditions
Looking at nature itself is usually an excellent guide to finding a suitable WF site.
 trees and shrubs (wind direction)
 move along a rugged coastline (notice that centuries of erosion have worked in one particular direction)
 Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a wind rose calculated over 30 years is probably your best guide,
 Maybe wind turbines are already in the area

52. (Source: internet)

53. Jhimpir

54. Selecting a Wind Turbine Site (2)
Grid Connection
Large WTG have to be connected to the electrical grid (10-30 kV)
Grid Reinforcement
The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the electricity coming from the turbine.
Soil Conditions
Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road construction to reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into account with any wind turbine project.
Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data
Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not nearly as important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy planning, however.
Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the surrounding area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or other buildings), and by the contours of the local terrain.

55. Transport

56. Transport (2)

57. Weights / Numbers Tower of GE 1,5: Number of Transport Trucks:
64.7m 86 tons
85m 98 tons
100m 113 tons
Nacelle: 52 tons
Hub: 14 tons
Blades: 21 tons
50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m:
33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons
Number of Transport Trucks:
Tower: 3
Nacelle: 1
Hub: 1
Blades: 3
Total: 8
For a WF with 50MW
 264 heavy trucks

58. Foundation

59. Crane

60. Tower installation

61. Tower installation

62. Nacelle and Blade installation

63. Transformer / Cable

64. Wind Energy – An Analysis

65. Worldwide Success Stories
Annual turnover in 2006 of more than 13 billion Euros (17 billion US Dollars)
Estimated 150,000 people employed around the world
In Denmark, 20% of the country’s electricity is currently supplied by the wind
In northern Germany, wind can contribute 35% of the supply
In Spain, Europe’s fifth largest country, the contribution has reached 8%, and is set to rise to 15% by the end of decade
> 2-3 billion Euro possible in Pakistan
Add of new JOBS in Pakistan
> 10% possible in Pakistan
> Local Manufacture and Export ?

66. Benefits of Wind Energy
Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming years
On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable sources are more predictable than thermal energy
Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future
Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional earnings from CO2 certificates
Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign exchange expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to countries energy mix. Long term supply of wind is assured
Is environmentally friendly. Very low external costs

67. Summary
AEDB has to developed a plan, that the federal goal of 10% of RE in 2015 can be reached
1,800 – 2,700 MW Wind farms are planned till 2015
Annual installation of 200 – 380 MW
Government takes the “wind risk”
 project financing is possible
Land will be leased from Sindh Government to reasonable rates
No costs for the external grid connection

68. For any further information please contact us:
IPEK energy GmbH
Marktplatz 4
48431 Rheine- Germany
Tel.:   
Fax: