1. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 Intelligent Agents TIP We’re intelligent agents, aren’t we? Fall 2004

2. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu2 Introduction An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators. Let’s look at Figure 2.1 Is that me? An agent function maps percepts to actions

3. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu3 All about Agents We will learn How agents should act Environments of agents Types of agents  human, robot, software agents A vacuum-cleaner world with 2 locations (Fig 2.2) A simple agent (Fig 2.3) What makes an agent good or bad? We need to specify how agents should act in order to measure

4. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu4 How Agents should act A rational agent is one that does the right thing. What is “right”? The issue of performance measure, not a simple one  You often get what you ask for.  Be as objective as possible  Measure what one wants, not how the agent should behave  How to be a rational instructor/student? A related issue is when to measure it.

5. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu5 A rational agent is not omniscient Rationality is concerned with expected success given what has been perceived A percept sequence contains everything that the agent has perceived so far An ideal rational agent should do whatever action that maximize its expected performance Rationality does not mean perfection which maximizes actual performance

6. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu6 Four key components What is rational depends on PEAS: Performance measure Environment Actuators – generating actions Sensors – receiving percepts Another example? Taxi driver (Fig 2.4)  Let’s look at its performance measure

7. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu7 Definition of a rational agent For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.

8. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu8 From percept sequences to actions A mapping with possibly infinite entries An ideal mapping describes an ideal agent It’s not always necessary to have an explicit mapping in order to be ideal (e.g., sqrt (x)) An agent should have some autonomy. i.e., its behavior is determined by its own experience. Autonomy can evolve with an agent’s experience and percept sequence - learning.

9. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu9 External environments Without exception, actions are done by the agent on the environment, which in turn provides percepts to the agents. Environments affect the design of agents Types of environments

10. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu10 Types of Environments Fully vs. partially observable Deterministic vs. stochastic E is deterministic but actions are not =>strategic Episodic vs. sequential Static vs. dynamic E does not change, performance score does => semi- dynamic Discrete vs. continuous Single vs. multiple agents What is the most difficult environment? Let’s look at some examples in Fig 2.6

11. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu11 Design and Implementation of Agents Design an agent function that maps the agent’s percepts to actions. Or to realize how actions are selected/determined Implement the agent function in an agent program which is realized in an agent architecture Agent = Architecture+ Program Percepts and actuators + function mappings From Robots to Softbots Architectures can be very different

12. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu12 Some examples of agents All agents have four elements (PEAS): 1. Performance 2. Environment 3. Actuators 4. Sensors Fig 2.5 demos some agent types We can see that there are many ways to define these components and it’s difficult to enumerate all possibilities

13. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu13 Starting from the simplest A look-up agent (Fig 2.7) Generates actions based on percept sequences  Your decision today is determined by many things happened in the past Why not just look up? How far back should we look up Scaling up An equivalent question is about the table size What else should we try?

14. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu14 Types of agents Simple reflex agents - respond based on the current percept, ignore the percept history. It cuts down a lot of possibilities. An example (Fig 2.8) A simple reflex agent (Figs 2.9,2.10)  Condition-action Rules Innate reflexes vs. learned responses What if the environment is not fully observable?

15. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu15 Model-based reflex agents They can handle partial observability Knowledge about how the world works is called a model of the world Maintain internal state to keep information of the changing environment and involve consideration of the future Respond to a percept accordingly (Figs 2.11,2.12)

16. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu16 Goal-based agents They aim to achieve goals (F2.13) Goal: desirable states, Search for a sequence of actions, Plan for solving sub-problems with special purposes Goals alone are often not enough to generate high-quality behavior. Why?

17. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu17 Utility-based agents They aim to maximize their utilities (F2.14) Utility: the quality of being useful, a single value function Happy or not (a goal or not) vs. How happy when the goal is achieved resolve conflicting goals (speed vs. safety) evaluate with multiple uncertain qualities search for trade-off facing multiple goals

18. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu18 Learning agents They can learn to improve (Fig 2.15) Operate in initially unknown environments and become more competent Four components: (1) problem generator (to create exploratory actions), (2) performance element (the earlier entire agent), (3) learner, (4) critic (to provide feedback) The above types of agents can be found in the later chapters we will discuss.

19. CSE 471/598, CBS 598 H. Liu19 Summary There are various types of agents who cannot live without external environment. Efficiency and flexibility of different agents. Using ourselves as a model and our world as environment (Are we too ambitious?), you may: Describe options for future consideration Recommend a new type of agents