1. Chapter 3 Selling on the Web: Revenue Models and Building a Web Presence

2. Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: revenue models for selling on the Web establishing an effective business presence on the Web meeting the needs of Web site visitors creating trust and building loyalty in Web site visitors testing usability in Web site design communicating effectively with customers on the Web

3. The Web Catalog Model The Web Catalog model is a revenue model of selling goods and services on the Web, that is based on the mail order catalog revenue model. In the Web catalog model, a Web site replaces or supplements print catalog distribution with information on its Web site.

4. Selling Goods and Services When the catalog model is expanded to a Web site, it is called a Web-catalog model. Dell and Gateway are examples of selling computers on the Web. Customers can place orders through the Web site or by telephone.

5. Businesses Employing the Web Catalog Model Computer manufacturers, for example Dell and Gateway Apparel Retailers Flowers and gifts General Discounters

6. Computer Manufacturers Many of the most successful Web catalog businesses are firms that were in the mail order business and have simply expanded their operations to the Web. Personal computer manufacturers, such as Dell and Gateway, have had great success selling on the Web. Dell has been a leader, allowing customers to specify the configuration of their computer.

7. Luxury Goods For many types of products, people are still unwilling to buy through a Web site. For example, luxury goods and high fashion items. The Web sites of Vera Wang and Versace are not designed to generate income but to provide information to customers who would then visit the physical store. Evian is another site geared towards affluent customers.

8. Apparel Retailers A number of apparel sellers have adopted their catalog sales model to the Web. –Eddie Bauer –Land’s End –L. L. Bean –Talbots Their intentions are to have customers examine the clothing and place orders through the Web site.

9. Flowers and Gifts Gift retailers have also successfully moved or expanded their revenue models to the Web. 1-800-Flowers has created an online extension to its highly successful telephone order business. Harry and David has opened a international Web site to promote its existing catalog business.

10. Channel Conflict and Cannibalization Companies that have existing sales outlets and distribution networks often worry that their Web sites will take away sales from outlets and networks. Channel conflict can occur whenever sales activities on a company’s Web site interfere with its existing sales outlets. This problem is also called cannibalization, because the Web site’s sales consume the sales that would be made in the company’s other sales channel.

11. Strategic Alliances When two or more companies join forces to undertake an activity over a long period of time, they are said to create a strategic alliance. An increasing number of businesses are forming strategic alliances to sell on the Web. Levi’s has created strategic alliances with JC Penney and Macys. Amazon.com has formed strategic alliances with ToysRUs to sell toys and with drugstore.com to sell health and beauty products.

12. Strategic Alliances

13. Selling Information or Other Digital Content Firms that own intellectual property have embraced the Web as a new and highly efficient distribution mechanism. ProQuest is a Web site that sells digital copies of published documents. The ACM Digital Library offers subscriptions to electronic versions of its journals to its members and to libraries. Encyclopedia Britannica is an example that has transferred an existing brand to the Web.

14. Advertising-Supported Model The advertising-supported business model is the one used by network television in the U.S. The success of Web advertising has been hampered by two major problems: –No consensus has emerged on how to measure and charge for site visitor views. –Very few Web sites have sufficient numbers of visitors to interest large advertisers.

15. Advertising-Supported Model Web Portals –Only a few general-interest sites have sufficient traffic to be profitable based on advertising revenue alone. Newspaper publishers –It is still unclear whether advertising helps or hurts the newspaper’s business as a whole. Employment Sites –Employment sites are one implementation of the advertising-supported revenue model that appears to be successful.

16. Advertising-Supported Model

17. Advertising-Subscription Mixed Model In this mixed model, subscribers pay a fee and accept some level of advertising. The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal use a mixed advertising-subscription model. The Reuters wire service also uses a mixed model in its Web offerings.

18. Advertising-Subscription Mixed Model Business Week offers a variation on the mixed model theme; it offers some free content but requires a subscription to access the entire site. ESPN sells advertising and offers a vast amount of free information, but fans can subscribe to its Insider service.

19. Fee-for-Transaction Models The travel agency business model involves receiving a fee for facilitating a transaction. A number of online travel agencies began doing business on the Web. Stock brokerage firms use a fee-for-transaction model. They charge their customers a commission for each trade executed.

20. Fee-for-Transaction Models Automobile Sales –Auto dealers buy cars from the manufacturer and sell them to consumers MSN Carpoint, CarsDirect.com and Autoweb.com provide an information service to car buyers –Each of these firms implements the fee-for- transaction revenue model in a slightly different way

21. Fee-for-Transaction Models Insurance Brokers –Insurance companies have been slow to offer policies and investments for sale on the Web –A number of intermediaries that sell insurance policies have emerged, for example Quotesmith.com Other Web sites that offer insurance policy information, comparisons, and sales include: –InsWeb, Answer Financial, Insurance.com, and YouDecide.com

22. Fee-for-Transaction Models Event Tickets –The Web offers event-promoters an ability to sell tickets from one virtual location to customers practically anywhere in the world. Real estate and mortgage loan brokers –Online real estate brokers provide all of the services that a traditional broker might provide. Online banking and financial services –The greatest concerns that most people have when considering moving financial transactions to the Web are security and reliability.

23. Fee-for-Services Models The fee in this model is based on the value of the service provided. –These are neither broker services or based on the number or size of transactions processed. These models range from games and entertainment to financial advice and the professional services of accountants, lawyers and physicians.

24. Fee-for-Services Models Online Games –Many online games sites offer premium games. –Site visitors must pay to play these games. Concerts and films –As more households obtain broadband access to the Internet, companies will provide streaming video of concerts and films to paying customers. Professional services –State laws have been one of the main forces preventing U.S. professionals from extending their practices to the Web.

25. Creating an Effective Web Presence Businesses always create a presence in the physical world by building stores and office buildings. The only contact that customers and other stakeholders have with a firm on the Web is through its presence there. Creating an effective Web presence can be critical for even the smallest and newest firm operating on the Web.

26. Identifying Web Presence Goals On the Web, businesses have the luxury of intentionally creating a space that creates a distinctive presence. A Web site can perform many image-creation tasks very effectively, including: –Serving as a sales brochure –Serving as a product showroom –Showing a financial report –Posting an employment ad –Serving as a customer contact point

27. Making Web Presence Consistent with Brand Image Different firms, even those in the same industry, might establish different Web presence goals. Coca Cola and Pepsi are two companies that have developed strong brand images and are in the same business, but have developed different Web presences. The Web presence conveys the image the company wants to project.

28. Achieving Web Presence Goals An effective site is one that creates an attractive presence that meets the objectives of the business or other organization. Possible objectives include: –attracting visitors to the Web site –making the site interesting enough –convincing visitors to follow the site’s links –creating an impression of corporate image –building a trusting relationship with visitors –reinforcing positive images of the organization –encouraging visitors to return to the site

29. The Toyota Site The Toyota site is a good example of an effective Web presence. The site provides: –a product showroom feature –links to detailed information about each product line –links to dealers –links to information about company

30. The Toyota Site

31. Quaker Oats Quaker Oats created Web sites that did not offer any corporate presence until 1999. In 1999, Quaker Oats changed its Web page to improve its general appearance and user-friendliness. The Toyota and Quaker Oats examples illustrate that the Web can integrate an opportunity for enhancing the image of a business with the dissemination of information.

32. Not-for-Profit Organizations A key goal for many not-for-profit organizations is information dissemination. The combination of information dissemination and a two-way contact channel is a key element in any Web site. The American Civil Liberties Union and American Red Cross have created effective Web presences. Political parties and museums also use Web sites for their image presences.

33. How the Web is Different When firms started creating Web sites in the mid 1990s, they often built simple sites that conveyed basic information about their business. The failure to understand how the Web is different from other presence-building media is one reason that businesses fail to achieve their Web objectives. Firms must use the Web’s capability for two-way, meaningful communication with their customers.

34. Meeting the Needs of Web Site Visitors Businesses that are successful on the Web realize that every visitor to their Web site is a potential customer. An important concern for businesses is the variation in important visitor characteristics. People who visit a Web site seldom arrive by accident; they are there for a reason. Technology variations among visitors (e.g., connection speed) should be a concern for Web sites.

35. Many Motivations of Web Site Visitors Creating a Web site that meets the needs of visitors with a wide range of motivations can be challenging. –to learn about products or services that the company offers, –to buy the products or services that the company offers, –to obtain information about warranty service, or repair policies for products they have purchased

36. Meeting the Needs of Web Site Visitors (cont’d) –to obtain general information about the company or organization –to obtain financial information for making an investment or credit granting decision –to identify the people who manage the company or organization –to obtain contact information for a person or department in the organization.

37. Making Web Sites Accessible One of the best ways to accommodate a broad range of visitors’ needs is to build flexibility into the Web site’s interface. Many sites offers separate versions with and without frames and giving visitors the option to choose either one. A good site design lets visitors choose among information attributes, such as level of detail, forms of aggregation, viewing format, and downloading format.

38. Trust and Loyalty When customers buy a product, they are also buying a service element. A seller can create value in a relationship with a customer by nurturing customers’ trust and developing it into loyalty. Customer service is a problem for many corporate sites. A primary weak spot for many sites is the lack of integration between the company's call centers and their Web sites.

39. Rating E-Business Web Sites Two companies routinely review electronic commerce Web sites for usability, customer service, and other factors. –BizRate.com provides a comparison shopping service and offers links to sites with low prices and good service ratings for specific products. –Gomez.com provides scorecards for electronic commerce sits in specific categories.

40. Usability Testing Firms are now starting to perform usability testing of their Web sites. Usability testing becomes more common, more Web sites will meet their goals. Eastman Kodak, T. Rowe Price, and Maytag have found that a series of Web site test designs helped them to understand visitors’ needs.

41. Customer-Centric Web Site Design Putting the customer at the center of all site designs is called a customer-centric approach to Web site design. Electronic commerce sites are encouraged to focus on the customer’s buying process rather than the company’s perspective and organization.

42. Identifying and Reaching Customers An important element of corporate Web presence is connecting with site visitors who are customers or potential customers. Mass media is a one-to-many communication model, the Web is a many-to-one communication model, and personal contact is a one-to-one communication model.

43. Measuring the Effectiveness of Web Site Advertising The pricing metric in mass media is called cost-per- thousand (CPM). Measuring Web audiences is more complicated. Banner ads are often sold on a CPM basis where the ‘thousand’ is 1000 impressions. Rates vary greatly and depend on how much demographic information the Web site obtains about its visitors, but most are within the range of $1 to $100 CPM.

44. Connecting with Customers Most businesses are familiar with two ways of identifying and reaching customers: personal contact and mass media. These two ways are referred to as communication modes. Some experts also distinguish between broadcast and addressable media.

45. Connecting with Customers The Web is an intermediate step between mass media and personal contact. Using the Web to communicate with potential customers offers many of the advantages of personal contact selling and many of the cost savings of mass media. GartnerGroup reported that customer-centric marketing strategies would be an excellent fit for the Internet marketplace.

46. Technology-Enabled Relationship Management Technology-enabled relationship management occurs when a firm obtains detailed information about a customer and uses that information for marketing purposes. This is also called customer relationship management (CRM) or electronic customer relationship management (eCRM).