1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene –prevent vitamin A deficiency Figure 12.18B

4. Biotechnology - use of living organisms to create products or help processes Ex. HGH, insulin Recombinant DNA - segment of DNA containing sequences from different organisms How is DNA manipulated?

5. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T C G C G C G C G C G C G C G C G C G C G C G G C C G C G C G C G C G C G C G G G C C C C G G C G C G G C G C G C G G GG G G G C C C C C Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites and create sticky ends Complementary ends will fuse to produce a long strand of DNA

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The transferred DNA is then integrated into the recipient cell’s chromosome Figure 12.1D Donated DNA Recipient cell’s chromosome Crossovers Degraded DNA Recombinant chromosome

7. bacterium bacterial chromosome plasmid Plasmids are extra rings of DNA that replicate in bacteria. DNA can be inserted into plasmids.

8. 1. Use restriction enzymes. 2. Insert gene into plasmid. 3. Transfer the plasmid back into bacterial cell. 4. Let bacterial cells replicate. bacterial clones replication transformation recombinant DNA Plasmid Bacterium Human cell DNA Human protein Bacterial chromosome

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Recombinant DNA products “seed” protein for artificial snow Insulin for diabetes treatment Enzymes that clean up toxic waste spills Growth Hormones (Human, Bovine) TPA: Tissue Plasminogen Activator for treatment of heart attacks

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can quickly clone a small sample of DNA in a test tube Figure 12.12 Initial DNA segment 1248 Number of DNA molecules

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Restriction fragments of DNA are compared by size Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size Figure 12.10 Mixture of DNA molecules of different sizes Power source Gel Glass plates Longer molecules Shorter molecules Completed gel

13. DNA forensics

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Uses of transformed animals: Produce medicines more easily Ex. sheep and gene to treat cystic fibrosis Goats and AT3 gene to prevent blood clots Figure 12.16

15. Grow bigger fish faster. Salmon with gene from another fish species

16. Art form?

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genetically modified crops Golden rice with Vitamin A Cotton resistant to boll weevil Soybeans resistant to herbicide (Roundup) Corn resistant to European corn borer Rapeseed with healthier vegetable oil Benefits and risks

19. white sheep black sheep egg cell udder cells DNA embryo Dolly surrogate mother How Dolly was cloned

20. Cloning of human cells Regenerative medicine –Bone, pancreas cells, skin Stem cells - the $6 billion promise?

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings treat disease by altering an afflicted individual’s genes –Ex vivo –In vivo –Stem cells Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases Figure 12.19 Cloned gene (normal allele) 1 Insert normal gene into virus Viral nucleic acid Retrovirus 2 Infect bone marrow cell with virus 3 Viral DNA inserts into chromosome Bone marrow cell from patient Bone marrow 4 Inject cells into patient

22. Human Genome Project 3.2 billion bases in 22 autosomes + X, Y Draft sequence completed in 2003 Available at www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/ home.shtml www.ucsc.genome.edu

23. What does the human genome sequence tell us? 20 K to 25 K genes 99.9% alike, across all races 98.5% of DNA is not transcribed - Spacers between genes - Structural (centromeres, telomeres) - Regulatory (enhancers, promoters) -Leftovers of evolution? -STR short tandem repeats -Alu (280 bp repeated 1 million times)

24. What’s next? Gene therapy Personalized medical treatments Genetic discrimination Designer children