1. Novel Stand-Alone Small Hydro Renewable Energy System
Professor Dr. Adel M Sharaf
ECE Dept-UNB, Canada

2. Outline
1. Introduction and Background Review of Hydro Power Generation
2. Area of Research :
What was the Task?
What was the so called “Novel” Contribution or Strategy?
3. Conclusions, Future Research Work &
published papers.

3. The Hydro Power Advantage
Unique operational (Storage) flexibility
Can provide base load and peak load
Best source to support the development of other renewables such as wind, solar, etc
Low operational costs and long life span
Has over-whelming public support and over a Century old Engineering Experience
Renewable, low-emitting source of energy
Energy-efficient and cost-effective

4. Canada’s Role as a Hydro – Power Producer
Hydro-power represents approximately 10% of Canada’s electric supply, which accounts for over 90% of all renewable energy in her. Coal fired plants, at 52%, provide the largest source of electric generation.
Principal source of clean, low-emitting and renewable energy in the world (92%)
Canada is one of the world’s biggest hydropower producers (13% of global output)
Canada is the world’s second largest electricity exporter and over 60% of exported electricity is generated by hydropower
Total electricity export revenue for all of Canada for the 2002 calendar year: $1.8 billion

5. The Classification of the Hydro-Electric Systems
By Capacity - large, small, Micro
By Types of Installation - Impoundment, diversion, pumped storage
By Type of Turbines - Reaction and Impulse

6. The Capacity-wise Categorization
In this report the classification of HP by installed capacity is as follows :
- Micro till 500kW
- Mini :500kW < P ≤5MW
- Small : 5MW< P ≤ 10MW
- Medium: 10MW< P ≤ 50MW
- Large: P > 50MW
There is NO Strict Definition on Boundaries / Margin of Small Hydro Power System.
Some say Small is up to 30 MW, while others are agreeing on 10 MW. In Canada, 10 MW is taken as the margin for Small Hydros.

7. By Types of Installation
Impoundment
large system
uses dam to store water
Diversion Type
River Diversion is used
Run-of-River
uses natural flow of river
does not require impoundment
Pumped Storage
when demand is low, water pumped back to reservoir
high demand, water is released

8. Type of Turbines Impulse
The turbines can be divided into TWO main Categories, depending on their construction :
Reaction
Impulse
The FOUR most common types of turbines used are:
Pelton Turbine. For Small Hydro Projects
Francis Turbine.
Propeller Turbine.
Kaplan Turbine.
When choosing which one to use, its specific application and “head”, or the height of the standing water available to drive them, are taken into consideration.

9. Reaction Type Turbines
[ Depends on: head, flow, and pressure ]
Reaction - used in large facilities
(Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water
fully immersed in fluid
shape of blades produces rotation
Good for High Flow, Low head
situations
One Example is Francis Turbine.
Another : Kaplan and/or Propeller
Turbines [Kaplan is a type of
Propeller Turbine

10. Kaplan Turbines
Kaplan turbine is a type of propeller turbine in which the pitch of the blades can be changed to improve performance. Kaplan turbines can be as large as 400 megawatts.”

11. Impulse Turbines are similar to water wheel (cupped Blades)
Impulse Type Turbines
[ Depends on: head, flow, and pressure ]
Impulse Turbines are similar to water wheel (cupped Blades)
can be in open environment
water striking wheel causes it to turn
Example : Pelton Turbine
requires high head
High-head use-
(Vertical drop > 10m)
High pressure (PSI)

12. Turbines can be split into four main groupings (although they do of course overlap and one may disagree on where one group starts and ends).
These are : 1. High head - above 100 m Turbine types are - Pelton, Turgo, High head Francis Medium Head - 20m to 100m Turbine types are - Francis, Cross Flow Low Head - 5m to 20m Turbine types are - Cross Flow, Propeller, Kaplan Ultra Low Head - below 5m Turbine types are - Propeller, Kaplan, Water wheel

13. The Nominal Power Capacity of a Small Hydro Power System
Head (m)
Flow (m3/s)
Power in kW » 7 x Head x Flow

14. Starting the Simple Power Calculations
Head
difference in elevation
Penstock
pipe that carries water from the reservoir
Turbine
converts linear kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy
Generator
converts rotational kinetic energy to electricity

15. AN EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL CALCULATION [Lower Kotmale Project, Sri Lanka]
DISCHARGE Q = Cubic Meters/Second GROSS HEAD (H) = 33.2 m HYDRAULIC POWER = 11370X33.2X9.81 = Watts = kW FRICTION LOSS = 0.25X33.2 = 8.3 m NET HEAD (h) = 33.2 – 8.3 = 24.9 m NET HYDRAULIC POWER = X 24.9 X 9.81 = Watts = kW EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE =80% NET MECHANICAL POWER = NET HYDRAULIC POWER X TURBINE EFFICIENCY = x 0.8 = W = kW GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 91% ELECTRICAL POWER = NET MECHANICAL POWER X GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = X 0.91 = W = kW ~ 2000 kW
The Total Power Generation for Four Such Francis Turbines : 4 * 2000 = 8000 kW, and considering the 0.8 System power factor The System Capacity is 10 MVA

16. Rural Electrification Policy
Why Hydro – Power is renewable?
Hydropower is considered a renewable resource
because water, which nature makes available each
year through the hydrologic cycle, is used as the
energy source to generate power.
Rural Electrification Policy
• The important part of Rural Electrification is the mobilization of Renewable Energy (RE) sources, where they are cost-effective, and the promotion of RE technologies

17. How to Electrify Rural Areas or Best Sources for a Stand-Alone System
Renewable Small hydro energy utilization is one of the most valuable answers to the question of how to offer electricity to isolated areas or rural communities electrification. It can answer to the many of the more complex problems of energy supply.
The Types of Small Hydro Power System
The Small Hydro Power Systems can be divided into TWO Main categories :
1. Robust Grid Connected
2. Stand Alone

18. Again, the Small Stand-Alone Hydro Power Systems can be divided into TWO Main categories :
1. Constant Voltage – Constant Frequency (CV – CF) or
2. Variable Voltage – Variable Frequency (VV – VF)

19. The Traditional way of achieving (CV – CF) Constant Voltage, Constant Frequency in Stand-alone Asynchronous Generator run Hydro Power System
Using a controlled inductor in parallel with Capacitor providing self excitation
Using the Secondary Thermal Loads (connecting and releasing them according to the Torque, Load Excursions etc. through a Controller (Automated)
Manually Operated Situation in Rural Power Supply
In Developing Countries like Sri Lanka, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Madagascar, Myanmar

20. The Research Tasks
Suggest a NOVEL method to achieve a better Voltage / Speed Controls in a VV – VF System
Suggest the best location to have a such a Novel Device
Check the validity of Sharaf Error driven Tri Loop Dynamic Controller in a such Power System [VV-VF].

21. The Sample VV – VF Stand-Alone Small Hydro System
System has Linear, Non Linear and machine Loads
How you solve the Reactive Power problem, as you are dealing with an asynchronous generator?
Where are those Traditional Dumb Loads?
Why Matlab / Simulink? But, not Matlab, C or Fortran programming?

22. Sample Study Stand–Alone Small Hydro Power System

23. The Hybrid Load Centre

24. The Modulated Power Filter and Capacitor Compensator [MPF / CC]
How you select R?
The Carrier Frequency?
Why IGBTs/Mosfets? Can’t I go for GTOs or Thyristors or IGBTs?

25. The New Proposed Way : Novel Modulated / Switched Power Filter and Compensator Capacitor

27. The Power System with attached Modulated Power Filter / Compensator Capacitor [MPF / CC] at Generator Bus

28. Six Pulsed Diode Bridge

29. Tri loop Controller It has Three Arms
Derivatives are added here as in the forms of Delays to introduce leads. Therefore for that reason we can argue the we have PID Controller instead of the visible PI Controller.
First Arm Controls Voltage [Stablizes]
Second Arm takes control of rapid changes occur in the System [ As the Current is more (quick) susceptible to transient situations than voltage.
Third Loop Optmizes the Maximum Power Use and reacts as Power Quality Enhancer.
How to find Kp and Ki? Is Trial and Error the answer?

30. Controller Parameter Selection
The basic design rules that are followed to determine optimized control parameters are based on the off-line guided trial and error -minimization method developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf. Controller parameters are selected by a guided off line trial and error method based on minimizing selected error weighted performance index [27].
Define an excursion based performance index;
Minimize :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
where, Tsample is the largest system mechanical time constant, ev(K) is the voltage error, ei(K) is the current error, Gv and Gi and are the weighting factor for voltage and current error. Only dynamic voltage error-tracking controller is considered here. If an additional loop is used, the additional weighting factor and error factor should be included in the equation (4) increase of additional loop of the current error-tracking controller.

31. Average Index Value

33. Dynamic PI Tri-loop controller with Generator Voltage, RMS current, Speed Tracking Loops. (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

34. Double loop dynamic tracking error controller (for combined dynamic voltage and current error stabilization). (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

35. Pulse Width Modulator

36. The Applied Methodology
Three systems we had to simulate on four different conditions, in order to reach a conclusion. (Next Slide).
The Three Systems are :
Normal Power System without any added Filter
The Normal System together with MPF/CC at the Load Bus
The Normal System together with MPF/CC at the Generator Bus.
Each System was simulated on four different conditions [Please See the Next Slide] to identify the following issues:
The System performance on those conditions : The Voltage drop, Stability of the System, Reactive Power Consumption
To identify the necessity of MPF/CC, and/or to see the achieving improvements when the filter is installed.
To identify the best possible location for MPF/CC installation.

37. Comparison of the Simulated Results
The Results can be logged in to a Table for comparison purposes.
As seen from the table there were 12 Simulations in total to be carried out to get the required data.

38. Testing the System for Generator Torque Excursions

39. Testing the System for Load Torque Excursions

40. Testing the System for Short Circuits and Open Phase Conditions

41. Results
The MPF and Capacitor Compensator-MPF/CC Facts Device is very effective and Results are acceptable as Voltage / Frequency Control is within +/- 17% .
[We expecting better results, as fine tuning is to be done with the controller.]

42. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The Project modeled and validated a novel FACTS based dynamic Switched Filter and Compensator developed by Dr. A. M. Sharaf and used in a small hydro renewable energy scheme employing a robust low cost induction generator.
The Novel Modulated Power Filter and Capacitor Compensator [MPF/CC] is switched using a multi loop error driven controller to stabilize the load bus voltage and more dynamic reactive power compensation under prime mover electric load switching and temporary short circuit faults.
The Project validated Dr. Sharaf’s Novel MPF?CC Facts Device-Design and the proposed control scheme in the area of voltage Stabilization Security and operational reliability of standalone small hydro renewable energy system in remote / village community electricity supply.
The Future works include the validation of other FACTS based compensators in small hydro, wind and hybrid diesel schemes, such as Statcom and other control strategies.

43. My Contribution
Developing MPF/CC to present [MPF/CC Idea is belonged to Dr. Adel M. Sharaf]
Developing a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulator written in MATLAB Programming Language as a Part of Making Program Modules instead of Simulink Models.
Validate the Sharaf Tri Loop Controller for VV – VF Systems.
Fine Tuning of the MPF/CC and Tri Loop Controller Parameters.

44. Published Papers
“A Novel Facts Stabilization scheme for a Stand-Alone Small Hydro Scheme”
Submitted to IEEE CCECE – 06, Ottawa, Canada by Adel M. Sharaf and Senaka Jayawardhane

45. Thank you for your attention!
Questions ?