1. English Word-Formation

2. Means of Word-Formation
Derivation 1
Compounding 2
Conversion 3
Other means 4

3. 2.1 Derivation/Affixation
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding affixes to the roots.
a. Prefixation
to change the meaning of a word.
b. Suffixation
to change the class or function of a word.

4. Prefixes Negtive prefixes: a-, dis-, in-, un-
Reversative or privative prefixes:
de-, dis-, un-,
Pejorative prefixes:mal-, mis-, pseudo-
Prefixes of degree or size:arch-, hyper-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-
Prefixes of attitude:anti-, co-, countra-, counter-, pro-
Locative prefixes:fore-, inter-, sub-
Prefixes of time and order:ex-, fore-, post-, pre-
Number prefixes:uni-, mono-, semi-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly-

5. e.g. dis-: dishonest(ly) not honest(ly) disloyal(ly) not loyal(ly)
disorder lack of order
disuse the state of no longer
being used
disobey fail to obey
in-(il-/ir-/im-):
incomplete not complete
illiterate unable to read and write
illogical without logic
immortal that will not die
irrational against rational behavior

6. e.g. super-: (1) means 'more than', 'very special'
supernatural---not explained by natural laws
supersized---of extremely large size
(2)means'on top','hierarchically superior
superfreeze---to freeze to a very low temperature
ssuperpower---excessive power;an extremely powerful country

7. Suffixes
Noun suffixes: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ster, -ate, -dom, -ery, -hood, -ing, -ism, -al, -ship, -ant, -ance, -ation, -ence, -ment, -ity, -ness, -ist, -ite, -an, -ese, -ure, -or, -cy, -y, -age, -ry, -ful, -ling, -ee
Adjective suffixes: -ed, -ant, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous, -able, -ative, -ive, -sive
Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise
Verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -ify, -ize/-ise

8. e.g.
-dom: kingdom(王国), wisdom(智慧), officialdom(政界), filmdom(电影界), newspaperdom(报界)
-ship: hardship(艰难), scholarship(学识，奖学金), authorship(作者身份), membership(会员身份)
-ful: handful(一捧), mouthful(一口), spoonful(一匙)
-hood： neighbourhood, childhood, girlhood, motherhood, manhood, falsehood(谎话), likelihood(可能性)

9. 2.2 Compounding
Compounding is a main type of word-formation adding one base to another.
A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.
Randolph Quirk

10. Compounding
According to the orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:
a) solid, e.g. bedtime
b) hyphenated, e.g. above-mentioned
c) open e.g. reading material

11. Compounding compound + N + V + Adj +Adv 1. N N + N snowman N + V
daybreak
N + Adj
lifelong
N + Adv
------
2. V
V + N
restroom
V + V
pass-fail
V + Adj
V + Adv
feedback
3. Adj
Adj + N
blueprint
Adj + V
high-rise
Adj + Adj
open-ended
Adj + Adv
4.Adv
Adv + N
overweight
Adv + V
download
Adv + Adj
all-round
Adv +Adv
throughout

12. 2.3 Conversion
Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.
a) N V
b) Adj V
c) V N
d) Adj N

13. a) N V to pocket the money to can the fruit to oil the machine
to captain the team

14. b) Adj V He walked carefully so as not to wet his shoes.
The photograph yellowed with age.

15. conversion c) V N e.g. a walk, a look, a call d) Adj N
e.g. a drunk, the poor, the young, newly-weds

16. Other Ways for Word-formation
Backformation
Abbrevation/Shorting
Blending
Other sources

17. Thank You !