1. Don’t Blame the Forensic Scientist! Roger G. Koppl Institute for Forensic Science Administration, FDU Robert Kurzban University of Pennsylvania Lawrence Kobilinsky John Jay College of Criminal Justice

2. Disclaimer Research for this talk was supported in part by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

3. Problem: Error creates a blame game

4. Error is a perceived problem and a real problem Persons wrongly accused Labs performing poorly Proficiency tests Dror & Charlton studies MD v Rose

5. When errors are discovered Blame is a common response Similar blaming language is used in dissimilar cases: –Fred Zane “got away with 12 years of sloppy work and false testimony” (“Reasonable Doubt: Can Crime Labs Be Trusted?” CNN 1/13/05) –Jacqueline Blake neglected her negative controls in DNA tests. “This went on for more than two years before she was finally caught.” (“Encore Presentation: Reasonable Doubt” CNN 5/7/06) Kelly M. Pyrek: Forensic Science Under Siege, –Academic Press, 2007

6. In the blame game we replace one bad model of the forensic scientist with another.

7. The first bad model imagines forensic scientists to be wonderful creatures who are never make mistakes...

9. The second bad model imagines forensic scientists to be bumbling incompetents who should not be allowed anywhere near criminal evidence...

11. Blame follows glory

12. Our model...

14. In other words Forensic scientists are: –real, fallible human beings –Whom we should not blame in an emotional manner –But study in a scientific manner Leading to a very different take on error

15. The Blame Game is Bad “It is time to end this destructive, fatalistic blame game and replace it with a new agenda of constructivism.” –Pyrek, Forensic Science Under Siege, p. 526 Pyrek rightly cites “To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System” –Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 1999

16. “To Err is Human” p. 49 The common initial reaction when an error occurs is to find and blame someone. However, even apparently single events or errors are due most often to the convergence of multiple contributing factors. Blaming an individual does not change these factors and the same error is likely to recur. Preventing errors and improving safety for patients require a systems approach in order to modify the conditions that contribute to errors.

17. James Reason: “We cannot change the human condition, but we can change the conditions under which humans work.”

18. Error Is not a personal problem –You’re bad Requiring a personal solution –Be good It is a structural problem –Monopoly epistemics Requiring a structural solution –Democratic epistemics –Structural redundancy

19. Monopoly vs. Democratic Epistemics A crime lab has a monopoly on the analysis of evidence sent to it That’s “monopoly epistemics” Sometimes evidence should be sent to more than one crime lab That’s “democratic epistemics”

20. Monopoly Epistemics MatchCrime LabJury The latent was left No match by the suspect inconclusive

21. Democratic Epistemics Match Crime LabsJury The latent was left No match by the suspect inconclusive

22. Monopoly Epistemics vs. Democratic Epistemics Other studies address cost –Errors are costly: e.g. $100,00 –Forensic tests are cheap: e.g. $50 –Structural redundancy would reduce taxpayer costs -- if it works to reduce errors Our experiments test if it works

23. Basics of Experimental Design Sender(s) evaluate evidence and give a report to a Receiver Receiver guesses the truth given the report(s) Sender(s) shown one of three shapes: Receiver guesses which shape was shown

24. Basics of Experimental Design Receiver paid $5.00 for correct guesses, $2.00 for incorrect guesses Senders are paid $3.00 for inducing correct guesses Senders are also shown a “supplementary shape” worth $1.00 or $5.00 depending on the round.

25. What the Sender Sees

27. What the Sender Fills Out

29. Monopoly Treatment Subjects paired into Senders and Receivers Senders informed of “correct shape,” “supplementary shape,” the value of supplementary shape A $1.00 for the supplementary shape gives Senders an incentive to issue an accurate report A $5.00 value gives Senders an incentive to issue an inaccurate report -- if the bias does not agree with truth

30. Democratic Treatments Each Receiver is matched with 2, 3, 4, or 5 Senders Otherwise like monopoly treatment Major question: –Do Receiver guesses improve under democratic epistemics?

31. Results: Receiver Errors Receiver error rates across all conditions –1 Sender: 43% –2 Senders: 35% –3 Senders: 18% –4 Senders: 18% –5 Senders: 21% Receiver error rates if Senders have high bias –1 Sender: 51% –2 Senders: 55% –3 Senders: 33% –4 Senders: 36% –5 Senders: 43%

32. So What? Structural redundancy works Three is the magic number Other research shows it will be cost effective

33. Closing Remarks Forensic Science is a bargain for the criminal justice system, and we need more of it.