1. Motivation II Need Theories
Use the concepts of individual needs to explain why people have different needs at different times.
What motivates people

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
The need to develop one’s true potential and skills (creative, autonomous tasks)
Growth
Needs
Self-Esteem
The need for feelings of adequacy, competence, and
confidence (awards, prestigious titles, promotions)
Belongingness
The need for social interaction, affection, friendship
(opportunities to interact, supportive supervision)
Deficiency
Needs
Safety
The need for security, freedom from anxiety, order (job
security, comfortable work environment, adequate pay)
Physiological
The needs for survival, such as, food, water, shelter
(minimum pay and existence level support)

3. Aldefer’s ERG Theory
Existence Needs – needs satisfied by material substances
Relatedness Needs – the need for meaningful social relationships
Growth Needs – need for developing one’s potential

4. Relationship between Maslow and Alderfer Need Theories
Higher order needs
Intrinsic motivation
Self-Actualization
Growth
Self-Esteem
Relatedness
Belongingness
Safety
Existence
Physiological
Basic needs
Extrinsic motivation

5. McClelland’s Need Theories
Need for Achievement (N Ach) – desire to perform challenging tasks
Need for Affiliation (N Aff) – desire to establish and maintain friendly interpersonal relationships
Need for Power (N Pow) – desire to have significant impact over others

6. Describes how need deficiencies are translated into behaviours
Motivation II
Process Theories
Describes how need deficiencies are translated into behaviours

7. Equity Theory Comparison of inputs and outcomes My Outcomes My Inputs
Comparison Outcomes Comparison Inputs =

8. Responses to Inequity Distort one’s own inputs/outcomes
Distort the comparison person’s inputs/outcomes
Choose another comparison person
Alter inputs or outcomes
Leave the exchange relationship

9. Issues of Equity Theory
The comparison other???
Over-reward versus under-reward
It is all perception

10. Expectancy Theory Force = E x Σ(I x V)
Valence (value) of
Outcome 2 (V2)
Valence (value) of
Outcome 1 (V1)
(E > P)
(P > O)
Effort
Performance
Reward Outcome
Expectancy (E)
Instrumentality (I)
(probability of Effort leading
to Performance)
(probability of Performance
leading to Reward Outcome)
Force = E x Σ(I x V)
= expectancy x Σ instrumentalities x 2nd-level valences
= expectancy x valence of 1st-level outcome

11. Do theories translate across cultures?
Reinforcement theory?
Goal setting theory?
Need theories?
Maslow’s need hierarchy
Alderfer’s ERG
McClelland’s theory of needs
Equity theory?
Expectancy theory?

12. Moberg and motivation: Identify the theory or concept from our discussions. To create high motivation…..
Employees must have confidence in their capabilities to perform the job
There should be no organizational impediments to high performance
People must believe that high performance will lead to rewards that are desirable to them
You must be clear and specific about the performance you desire; decide with the employee
Be fair - reward how and when you say; make sure that the reward system is clear to all
Offer rewards that are favoured by the employee