1. Bioeconomy Platforms, Distributed Knowledge & Related Variety Phil Cooke Centre for Advanced Studies Cardiff University

2. Methods As first a UK study, a postal questionnaire survey of medical genomics biotechnology firms – 20% RR Identification of UK bioregions Identification of global bioregions A scientometric mapping of co-publishing activities among ‘star’ bioscientists in global bioregions Interviews with UK survey respondents Analysis of public and private genomic markets

3. Indicators AgeR&D/T mean – 21% (’02) –<1989 (66) Patents – 47% respondents –1990-1995 (17) Mean Patents - 5 –1996-2000 (56) Collaborations – 77% –2001- (17) Clustering – 78% Turnover Co-op Inno – 70% –1999£900 m. Co-op Reg. – 18% –2003£1,726 m. Co-op UK – 23% Co-op EU – 18% Co-op Global -28%

4. Indicators – R&D Co-operations R&D Co-operation Aims: –New Product to Market – 86% –Develop Patent – 71% –New/Improved Product to Firm – 57% R&D Cooperations Highlights: –Top Regional R&D Partner – University (30%) –Top UK R&D Partner – University (43%) –Top EU R&D Partner – Customer/Supplier (30%) –Top N. American R&D Partner – Customer (35%) –Top Asian & RoW R&D Partner – Customer (13%/8%)

5. Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge Biotechnology Northern Venture Managers Cambridge University Pfizer Lorantis Cambridge Antibody Technology Domantis Abbott Eli Lilly Astex Daniolabs Neurodegeneration Consortium Gateway Fund Biotica Babraham Bioincubator Babraham Technix Babraham Bioscience Inst Technologies Ltd Wellcome Trust WyethAmgenAstraZeneca Cambridge Crytallographic Data Centre GlaxoSmith Kline Gilead Sciences (joint venture) (Cambridge University administered) Institute for Medical Research Challenge Fund Founders came out of Pfizer macrolide templates Vistide out- license Hepsera out-license virtual screening collaboration (Cambridge University) (funding) partnership arthritis collaboration (funding) licensing Genzyme antibodies license validation (funding)

6. Core Biotechnology Clusters Comparative US and European Performance Indicators

7. Global Bioscience Publication Shares

8. Publishing Collaborations: Top 4 US Bioscience Journals

9. Publishing Collaborations: Top 5 European Bioscience Journals

10. Main Global Bioscience Co- publications

11. Bioscience Led The Way 1992-2002 biochemistry & molecular biology most cited US & EU patent fields >46%. Pharmaceuticals firms outsourced 30% 2003 R&D budgets. Reached 50% by 2005, expected 2010 Bioregions co-publish with each other and leading bioregions dominate a global innovation system No longer dominated by corporate in-house R&D

12. Now Others Follow Open innovation (Chesbrough, 2003) Philips ‘Sense & Simplicity’ rebranding, R&D strategy based on ‘open innovation’ Cisco & Microsoft practise ‘open innovation’ through acquisition Dupont closed its central laboratories Lucent, IBM practise ‘open innovation’ German auto industry now managed by Frankfurt design & engineering consultancies Procter & Gamble/Gillette funded by ‘C&D’ open innovation

13. US Industrial R&D Outsourcing 1981-2001

14. Interim Conclusions Genomic Medical Biotechnology is conducted in many new or pre-existing biotechnology firms Geographical Clustering in Bioregional Innovation Systems is Normal Global Research and Publication Linkages are Strong Among ‘Stars’ in Centres of Excellence R&D Outsourcing of R&D by Pharma is now 50% Reconfiguration of Global Economic Geography Dynamism Genomic Medical Biotechnology an Industrial Emulation Model

15. A generalised theoretical framework for knowledge driven economic development

16. Some cross-sector ‘platform’ candidate innovation biographies in firms & regions arising from WP3

17. Firm Level Innovation Biographies

18. Conclusions Clusters are research and innovation in proximity but distant networks key also, US clusters dominate global biotechnology, Similar, though less scale, in Europe, Some European highlights, US clusters have more resources, including public and private (VC & pharma) investment, Notice how biotechnology, even biopharma is a far bigger ‘platform’ than is generally assumed Then notice how its platform character attracts innovators from distant sector spaces.