1. Home Birth and the Law Jonathan Montgomery 25 March 2006

2. Women’s Rights Birth rights and the NHS –The nature of ‘rights’ –Present, past and future Relationships with professionals Challenging the mythology of obstruction

3. Two Models of Rights to Services Provider Based –Duties to provide services –Accountability for decision-making –Institutionally shaped Public service model Women-centred –Rights to services –Vindication routes Consumer choice & market model

4. Birth Rights: NHS Care ‘a comprehensive health service designed to secure improvement (a) in the physical and mental health of the people… (b) in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of illness.’ Including ‘facilities for expectant mothers’ (National Health Service Act 1977)

5. Duties or Rights? the NHS has to provide only what is ‘necessary’ to meet ‘reasonable requirements’ English judges think –resource allocation is for parliament –clinical priorities are for doctors

6. A Lost Legal Right to Home Birth National Health Service Act 1946, s 43 –Obligation to secure provision of certified midwives NHS (Amendment) Act 1949, s 22 –‘services in their homes or certified midwives before and during childbirth…’ Health Services and Public Health Act 1968, s10 –Enough midwives to provide ‘all services reasonably necessary’ ‘in their homes’ –No specific mention of births

7. Reconstructing ‘Rights’: Maternity NSF range of ante-natal, birth and post-birth care services available locally constitutes real choice for women (including home births) Local options for midwife-led care will include midwife-led units in the community or on a hospital site, and births at home for women who have been appropriately assessed

8. Draft NHS Act 2006 Clause 3(1) ‘… such services and facilities for the care of pregnant women…as [the Secretary of State] considers are appropriate as part of the health service.’

9. What if it was … ‘… such services and facilities for the care of pregnant women…as [the Secretary of State] considers are appropriate as part of the health service (including support for birth at home).’

10. Women’s Rights: Relationships with professionals To veto proposed care –withhold consent –if competent To refuse to go to hospital To discharge themselves from hospital To non-negligent advice and care

11. Capacity to Consent comprehension of nature, purpose and effects of care (or refusing it) weighing it up so as to make choice right to choose irrationally problems of fluctuating capacity

12. Mental Capacity Act 2005 s 3 Capacity unless unable to –Understand relevant information Including foreseeable consequences –Retain that information –Use or weigh that information in making the decision –Communicate decision (by any means) Fluctuating capacity

13. So What About the Baby? Usually a false conflict Legal rights through the mother Cannot override competent woman’s choice in interests of baby Persuasion not coercion

14. The Midwife’s Role To respect women’s rights To act as a responsible midwife –to assess and advise on care –to deliver proper care (including declining to act unprofessionally) –to refer emergencies abnormalities outside current sphere of practice

15. Outline of Negligence Law (1)Responsibility for ‘victim’ of mishap (‘duty of care’) (2) ‘Standard of care’ not met (3)Injury caused by lapse in care

16. The Bolam test a doctor is not guilty of negligence if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art

17. GP Maternity Services What do GPs actually undertake to do? –GP contract does not cover birth itself even with ‘additional’ maternity service clause –Emergency services ‘essential’ The standard of care –‘battle conditions’ –delegation & referral (transfer) –‘GP obstetricians’ ?

18. The Litigation Myths Litigation is increasing: not true Litigation is a financial problem: misleading –Collective & individual exposure The law forces poor practice: not true Home births are more risky: not true

19. Source: Hansard Written Answer 28 June 2005

21. Source: Hansard Written Answer 20 July 2005

23. % of doctors by grade who would insist on EFM in certain circumstances (Symon 1998)

24. % of midwives (by grade) who would insist on EFM under certain circumstances (Symon 1998)