1. Energy consumption in the yogurt supply chain (French and Greek cases)
COST meeting , Arcueil 19/5/05
F.Mikiki (CERTH/HIT), C.Rizet (INRETS)

2. Energy consumption in the yogurt supply chain
Objectives
Analyse energy consumption in yogurt supply chain according to Companies’ logistical choices
How to reduce this consumption : changes in logistical behaviors and their determining factors
At a disagregated level
Yogurt : Just in time and cold chain
Funded by ADEME via PREDIT,

3. Supply chain approach & method
Energy consumed per1 kg of yogurt (goe/kg) according to the Supply chain organisation
Geography(clients and plat-forms localisation)
Type of distribution : Hypermarket/ corner shop
Cooperation between partners: information sharing
We started from the clients and retailers and went upstream
Energy consumption is estimated at each step, with the operators, then converted into gram of oil equivalent (goe/yogurt kg)

4. Limitations Differences between the two surveys:
different response from the agents involved, commercial schemes, mix of energy sources, no such e-commerce in Greece etc
General limitations :
environmental performance and energy consumption, a rather neglected question especially within private companies;
private sector involvement: not familiar with such research works; rather skeptical with researchers that question their proper strategies, choices and practices adopted; confidentiality of data
As regards Greek survey, withdrawal of certain agents, time constraints and budget limitations were also penalizing.

5. The 9 steps of the yogurt Supply chain (French case)
1tanker Reefer truck
2 Yogurt
factory
Milk farm
4 producer
Platform
5 Reefer truck
6retailer
Platform
Consumer’s
home
8 shop
7 Reefer truck
9 consumer’s car

6. The 7 steps of the yogurt Supply chain (Greek case)
factory
Milk farm
4 producer
Platform
1tanker
3Reefer truck
5 Reefer truck
6 shop
Consumer’s
home
7 consumer’s car

7. The two cases (i)
(i) France
Carte : V. Guilbault

8. The two cases (ii)
ii) Greece

9. Step1 : Milk sourcing Greece (2 cases) Milk is collected from the
France
Milk is collected from
the farms around the
factory:
4.6 goe/kg
If not enough, bought
from other towns at a
longer distance :
11.9 goe/kg
Average :
6.2 goe/kg
Greece (2 cases)
Milk is collected from the
farms around the factory
No further milk purchased
Case 1 (Evr) 12.6goe /kg
Case 2 (F) goe/kg

10. Step 1 : Milk collection France Greece1 Greece 2 Milk collected 128
Factory
Greece1
Evrofarma
Greece 2
F Factory
Milk collected
(1000 t./year)
128
21.9
151
Aver.dist.(Km)
Aver ton/trip
389
11.5
480
12.0
1000 oil l./year
449
210
1796
Goe/kg yogurt
4.6
12.6
15.7

11. Step 2 : yogurt factory A lot of energy is needed in the factory
To cool the products(electricity)
To warm them up (gaz)
For collecting inputs and sending these rum(Gazole)
Total 39 goe/yogurt kg French factory
Total 32 goe/yogurt kg Greek factory
Total 33 goe/yogurt kg 2nd Greek company
For the first two activities

12. Step 2 : France Greece1 Greece 2 106000 997 48717 14840 37100 2433 210
Yogurt
Production
France
Factory
Greece1
Evrofarma
Greece 2
F Factory
Annual production
(t./year)
106000
997
48717
Electricity Consumption(MWh/year)
Gas (t/year)
14840
37100
2433
210
37065
Energy consumption
(toe /year)
4133
457
3188
Goe/kg yogurt 39 32 33

13. Steps 3, 5 (& 7) : road transport by reefer vehicles
Consumption is linked to
-Distance
-Vehicle type
-Load factor
-Duration of reefer(reefer: 15%)
Consump. Between 0.8 & 13.0 goe/Yogurtkg /journey
Road transport by reefer vehicles to distribution platform
French case study : 10,4 goe/Yogurtkg
Greek case study : 8,3 goe/Yogurtkg

14. Step 3 : France Greece 369 552 11,5 22,5 12,3 9,8 Goe/kg yogurt 8,3
transportation
France
Factory
Greece
Km/trip
369
552
net weight / trip (t.)
11,5
22,5
liters/ton
12,3
9,8
Goe/kg yogurt
10,4
8,3

15. Step 4 (& 6) : Platforms Step 8 (or 6) : the shops
The Greek company did not provide data for the energy consumption in its distribution platform
Step 8 (or 6) : the shops
Greek case: deficit of data for shops
(+ not covering the range of French shops)
No such e-commerce in Greece
so we covered specific steps of the chain..

16. Further Greek survey and other conclusions (i)
Comparison between 2 greek companies
Energy costs for the supply of the same region.
The structure of their supply chain is comparable and have opposite origine-destination points.
Empty movements of both fleets are common.

17. Further Greek survey and other conclusions (ii)
Contribution of this research
Optimisation of the supply services in the region of
Thrace, achieving considerable environnemental benefit through
the synergy of the two companies
via the combinaison of their networks and ressources
A mathematical model was developed for the optimisation of trips and the minimisation of the fleet used.
A new logistical structure was proposed with one common platform in the middle of their respective origin points with the use of common fleet
Of course this work did not aim to tackle the problem exhaustively but it is a good starting point for a change in the companies’ logistical choices.

18. French survey next steps
As regards the French survey
and the steps of platforms and shops…

19. Step 4 (& 6) : Platforms
The energy consumption in the platforms is linked to
Platform area, Activities(fresh products, & design …
Operated tonnage Demand and capacity(Tonnes /year)

20. Step 8 (or 6) : the shops
Energy consumption in the shop = (general consumption + présentoir) / volume sold
for average product: gep/kg
for yogurt in the shop: gep/kg
E-commerce : 11,2 gep/kg

21. Step 9 : consumer journey
Average client’ consumption is linked to:
-% of the clients in a car
-Distance (0.5 to 10 km)􀂄
-Average basket weight
(2 to 15 kg)􀂄
These 3 variables are linked to the shop area (m2) and zone density: 1 – 71 goe/ kg yogurt (France)

22. French Survey conclusions (I)
Energy consumption/yogurtkg according to distribution type
if the shop’s surface increases:
-factory, consum. identical
-logistics, consum. decreases
-shop, consum. decreases
-client, consum. increases very intensely
In total , consumption increases
Home delivery: efficient for both shop and clients 50
100
150
200
Hyper
Super
Proxi
E-com
gep/ kg
factory
Logistics
shop
client

23. French survey conclusions (II)
GHG emission / yogurtkg according to distribution type
200
400
600
Hyper
Super
Proxi
E comm
geqCO2/ kg
factory
Logistics
shop
client
In relation to energy graph:
Electricity counts much less (shop, platform)
The chains scale is comparable

24. Overall conclusions Attempting international conclusions
is helpful although can be difficult to implement
However,
respective national conclusions can be of mutual benefit
Logistical practices are being mondialized and given the common goal for sustainable freight operations, bilateral initiatives can contribute to better logistical choices
Thank you for your attention
F.Mikiki