1. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada The Genetics of Feed Efficiency in Cattle Dr. D.H. “Denny” Crews, Jr. Research Scientist, Beef Quantitative Genomics National Study Leader, Livestock Genetics & Genomics AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta

2. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Many Measures of Efficiency Probably two dozen measures of efficiency have been described in beef cattle Feed conversion ratio is a gross measure of efficiency –Genetic trend has been positive along with growth Rg (FCR, growth): -0.61 to -0.95 –Related to increased mature weights and therefore, maintenance energy requirements –Lends poorly to selection Most selection pressure on growth rate

3. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Reducing Inputs Very little genetic improvement has been aimed at reducing input costs: –Feed costs are the largest non-fixed cost of beef production –>70% of total variable costs Daily feed intake (dDMI) is heritable (h 2 = 0.34 based on 23 studies [Koots et al., 1994a]) and therefore likely to respond to selection Trait Rg (dDMI)Reference WT205 0.67 Koots et al. (1994b) WT365 0.79 MKTWT 0.92 BWT0.77

4. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Reducing Inputs: Feed Efficiency Gross efficiency (Archer et al., 1999; gain/feed) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, feed/gain) have been discussed for more than 30 years, along with at least 20 other so-called efficiency measurements Most have at least moderate heritability (> 0.32 - 0.37) and strong genetic correlation with growth ΔG FCR | WWT = (Rg FCR,WWT ) (h 2 WWT ) (i WWT ) (σ g(FCR) ) = -0.21 kgd -1 /gen

5. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Selection: FCR Adding feed conversion ratio to breeding objectives would have the following implications: –Additional ΔG for growth; the most immediate concern is that with mature size (Rg FCR,MWT > 0.50) –Disproportionate selection on dDMI versus ADG. Gunsett (1984) discussed the problems associated with selection for ratio traits –Negative genetic trend in FCR does not translate to incremental improvement in feed efficiency Changes in FCR can be made without changing efficiency (+ ADG) Selection response is usually unpredictable (Gunsett, 1984)

6. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada RFI Definition Residual feed intake (syn. net feed efficiency) is defined as the difference between actual feed intake and that predicted by regression accounting for requirements of production and body weight maintenance –dDMI = CG + ADG + BWT + “other production” + RFI –Regression can be either phenotypic or genetic –“Forced” independence with growth rate, stage of production and weight alleviates problems with correlated response –RFI phenotypes are independent of age, stage of production, and previous plane of nutrition

7. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Figures courtesy J. A. Basarab

8. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada An Expensive Phenotype Cost of data collection is high –$150-175 per head for equipment alone Intensive 70-90 d test period –Limited numbers of animals with phenotypes Technology is still developing –Reduction in altered feeding behavior: Individual intake on group-fed cattle Commercial test facilities largely unavailable

9. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Potential Returns Most agree RFI is moderately heritable (0.30 to 0.40) Can force independence with any production trait –Typical RFI generally uncorrelated with body composition Preliminary research reports –Uncorrelated with mature size –Highly positive genetic correlation with mature cow efficiency –No evidence of antagonism with reproductive merit Phenotypic and genetic variance –5-7 lb per day phenotypic difference among yearling bulls –Similar variability among crossbred steers during finishing

10. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Differences in RFI groups Crews et al., 2003 Intake per d, lb 21.725.5<0.001 Total 84-d intake, lb 2121.92511.0<0.001 Feeding Events per d 5.566.22<0.001 Carcass fat, in 0.280.30<0.110 Lean Yield, % 59.9359.47>0.240 Marbling score Select 80Select 75>0.640 RFI < 0.00 RFI > 0.00 Efficient Inefficient P-value Total 84-d gain, lb264270>0.470

11. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Potential Industry Impact Our results show that the more efficient half of steers gained the same amount of weight, produced carcasses with the same yield and quality grades with the same amount of time on feed but consumed 390 pounds less feed than the less efficient half. In a region with 2+ million head processed per year, that 780 million pounds of feed costs almost $40 million.

12. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada RFI Genetic Variability Several studies have estimated genetic variance and heritability for RFI Var(G) h2h2 Reference 0.28 Koch et al. (1963) 0.14 Fan et al. (1995)* 0.44 Arthur et al. (1997) 0.149 0.39 Arthur et al. (2001a) 0.220 0.39 Arthur et al. (2001b) 0.267 0.30 Crews et al. (2003a,b)

13. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada RFI Adjusted for Body Composition Trait % of DFI varianceRank Correlation, RFI-1 MWT + ADG 67.9 + 8.61.00 Gain in Empty Body Fat3.90.92 Gain in Empty Body Water 1.10.90 Basarab et al. (2003) Adding gain in RTU rib fat and(or) RTU intramuscular fat provided similarly small increases in model R 2

14. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada RFI Genetic Correlations Trait Rg(RFIp)Reference Feed Conversion Ratio0.70Herd and Bishop (2000) Arthur et al. (2001a,b) Feed Conversion Ratio 0.85 Feed Intake 0.64 Feed Intake 0.79 Back Fat 0.17 Live weight0.32 Arthur et al. (2001b) ADG 0.10 Carcass REA-0.17Schenkel et al. (2004) Crews et al. (2003a) Carcass marbling score -0.44

15. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Phenotypic Regression RFI and Production RFI is defined as the component of feed intake that is phenotypically independent of production Recent studies have shown significant non-zero genetic correlation of RFIp with production, body weight, etc. RFIp usually contains a genetic component due to production The phenotypic variance of RFIp is completely described by –Heritability of feed intake and production –Genetic and environmental correlations of feed intake with production –(Kennedy et al., 1993)

16. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Repeatability of RFIp Archer et al. (2002) measured intake and derived RFIp on heifers postweaning and then on open cows following weaning of their second calf dDMI, ADG, MWT, FCR and RFI considered different traits between cows and heifers to estimate genetic correlations Rg > 0.85 strongly indicates genetic equivalence: Trait Rg (cow x heifer) DFI 0.94 ADG 0.72 MWT 0.82 FCR 0.20 RFIp 0.98

17. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada RFI and Multiple Trait Selection Single trait selection is not advisable Few attempts have been made to incorporate RFI into selection schemes An example multiple trait index was developed by Crews et al. (2006)

18. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Index Values 0.342 0.066 1791.2-1.127 0.000 6.048 b = SYM0.156 0.017 709.48.664 0.049 2.019 0.000 3.708 0.000 -0.27 183.73 -21.49 -0.09 24.79 -10.12 = I = -10.12 (RFI) + 24.79 (ADG) – 0.09 (YWT) ~ N ( 100, 7.81 2 ; range: 80.1 – 115.7)

19. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Correlations of Index Value with Component Traits RFI dDMI ADG Bull TraitP - value  (I) YWT YSC 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.90 0.12 -0.74 -0.22 0.53 0.01 0.16

20. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Summary RFI may be a candidate for genetic evaluation and improvement systems Independence with growth, body weight, and any identifiable source of dDMI covariance can be forced Heritability is at least as high as early growth but genetic variance is limited –Probably enough to make substantial economic improvement Multiple trait selection schemes still required

21. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Summary “Genetic improvement in efficiency of feed utilization is higher-hanging fruit” John Pollak, BIF 2002

22. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada Thank you dcrews@agr.gc.ca 403-317-2288