1. Funded by: Derbyshire Arts Development Group Participation in the Arts and Well-Being: Barriers and Benefits Glenn A. Williams, Alan Humberstone & Tim Harris British Psychological Society Annual Conference 14-16 April 2010

2. 2 Taking Part in the Arts: Headlines

3. 3 Benefits From the Arts: Three Components Intrinsic benefits Extrinsic benefits No benefits at all

4. 4 Barriers to Participating in the Arts 6 groups: Time-conscious Non-motivated Arts resistant Uninformed Isolated No barriers

5. 5 Context National Indicator 11 – Engagement in the arts –Defined as “% of adult (16 years or over) engaged (attended or participated at least 3 times in last 12 months” –National average = 45% –London = 49.4% (Sport England’s Active People Survey 2009) –Derbyshire estimate = 39.4% - 43.6% –Rest of East Midlands = 42.4% - 50.2% DCMS (2008) Taking Part: –Engagement at least once in last 12 months –65% in East Midlands –17 different arts activities measured

6. 6 Other Research into Arts Engagement Highly Engaged –Urban Arts Eclectic –Traditional Culture Vulture Some Engagement –Fun, Fashion & Friends –Mature Explorers –Dinner and a show –Family & community focused –Bedroom DJs –Mid-life hobbyists –Retired arts and crafts Not currently engaged: –Time-poor dreamers –Quiet pint with the match –Older and home-bound Arts Council England (2008) Arts Audiences: Insight

7. 7 Methods: Sampling Citizens Panel (May-August 2008) in Derbyshire Eight districts 4,327 out of 8,000 (54% response rate) Response rate 39% - 65% by district Approx 50/50 split by sex (49.9% female) Mainly White British (97.9%) Age split roughly even: =<44 years (30.5%) 45-59 years (34.2%) 60 + years (34.9%) http://www.maps-of-britain.co.uk/map-of-derbyshire.htm

8. 8 Methods: Measures Arts engagement: Same 17 items as DCMS Taking Part arts activities (e.g. Theatre; art; craft; classical music) and added ‘Film’ as well Barriers to taking part: 17 items (e.g. ‘not really interested’, ‘wouldn’t enjoy it’) yes/no response scoring Perceptions of the arts (including benefits): 17 items (e.g. ‘It makes me feel good’, ‘arts events are not inclusive enough’): scored with 5-point Likert scale responses

9. 9 Arts Events: Most and Least Popular for Interest Most Popular by RankingDistricts 1 st : Theatre (e.g. plays or drama) 5 out of 8 1 st : Film3 out of 8 2 nd : Other Theatre (e.g. musicals, pantomimes) 5 out of 8 Least Popular by RankingDistricts Culturally specific festivals (e.g. Mela, Bhaisakhi, Navatri) 6 out of 8 Video/electronic arts events1 out of 8 Exhibition of art, photography, sculpture 1 out of 8

10. 10 Arts Events: Most and Least Popular for Taking Part Similar trends for events rating highly in popular participation: –Theatre performances (plays, dramas) –Other Theatre performances (pantomime, musicals) –Film (2 nd most popular in 2 districts, joint most popular in 1 district) Events that were the least popular in participation –Culture events (5 out of 8 districts) –Exhibition of art, photography, sculpture (1 district) –Video/electronic arts events (3 districts)

11. 11 Frequency of Participation FrequencyNo. (%) At least once a week104 (2.4%) At least once a month406 (9.4%) Three to four times a year1,081 (25.0%) One or two times a year1,131 (26.1%) More than a year ago571 (13.2%) Never667 (15.4%) Don’t know176 (4.1%) Missing response191 (4.4%) TOTAL4,327 (100%)

12. 12 Perceptions of the Arts: Benefits Factor analysis: –Maximum Likelihood factor extraction –Kaiser’s criterion –Orthogonal factor rotation FactorTotal% of variance Cum. % of variance 16.8740.39 22.0712.1752.56 31.176.8859.45

13. 13 Factor 1: Intrinsic benefits (loadings) It makes me feel good (.81) Arts events are a good thing (.75) Many arts events are entertaining (.72) It broadens my horizons (.71) Intellectual stimulation (.71) Productive use of my time (.70) It gives me a sense of wonder and awe (.70) Time seems to pass by more quickly (.67)

14. 14 Factor 2: Extrinsic benefits (loadings) Working as a group (.82) Physical health (.78) A sense of personal identity (.68) Makes my community have a stronger group identity (.67) Like meeting new people (.66) Like being with those with whom I have a lot in common (.61)

15. 15 Factor 3: Lack of benefits (loadings) Many arts events are not inclusive enough (.75) Most arts events are difficult to understand (.71) In general arts events do not provide good VFM (.70) http://makingmore.wordpress.com/2009/06/24/if-more-was-a-picture/

16. 16 Barriers to Arts Participation Latent Class Analysis used Analysed with MPlus 4 (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2006) 2 17 possible (yes/no) response patterns 654 response patterns obtained Most common response patterns: –‘Nothing stops me’ ONLY –‘No’ to all reasons –‘Lack of time’ ONLY –‘Lack of interest’ ONLY –‘Lack time’ AND ‘too costly’

17. 17 Deciding on number of classes ModelLRX 2 (d.f) pAICBICSSABICLRTEntropy 2 3599.39 (262040) 1.00 46433.1546681.6746557.75 2111.90 (0.00) 0.64 3 2942.01 (262023) 1.00 45786.6446162.6145975.13 682.44 (0.00) 0.63 4 2538.01 (262005) 1.00 45405.0945908.5145657.48 419.04 (0.00) 0.70 5 2432.92 (262003) 1.00 45069.0945699.9545385.37 373.20 (0.04) 0.68 6 2186.01 (261986) 1.00 44805.8345564.1445186.01 301.46 (0.00) 0.71 72045.14 (261968) 1.00 44681.1745566.9345125.25164.04 (0.14) 0.71

18. 18 Profile of latent classes Class 1: Arts resistantProbability of saying ‘yes’ Not really interested70% Don’t really know enough about it50% It’s difficult to find the time45% Never occurred to me40% I wouldn’t enjoy it30% Class 2: Time conscious It’s difficult to find the time77% Class 3: Uninformed Not enough information on what is available 93% Not enough notice about the event 65%

19. 19 Profile of latent classes continued Class 4: Geographically and financially isolated Probability of saying ‘yes’ It costs too much60% Lack of transport55% Not close enough40% Don’t have anyone to go with20% Class 5: Non-motivated Not really interested35% Class 6: No barriers Nothing stops me from attending100%

20. 20 Sex differences: Benefits & barriers Benefits: –Females significantly higher levels of intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of arts participation –Males significantly higher levels of lack of perceived benefits Barriers: –Females more likely to be in the ‘time conscious’, ‘geographically & financially isolated’ and ‘non-motivated’ classes –Males more likely to be in the ‘arts resistant’, ‘uninformed’ and ‘no barriers’ classes

21. 21 Age group differences: Benefits & barriers Benefits: –No significant age differences Barriers: –Aged 60+ years: Less likely to be in the ‘arts resistant’ class and more likely to be in the ‘no barriers’ class –Aged 60-64 and 65-74 years: More likely to be in the ‘time conscious’ class –Aged 25-44 years: More likely to be in ‘arts resistant’, ‘geographically and financially isolated’ and ‘non-motivated’ classes

22. 22 Discussion & Where Next? Representative sample, non-biased sampling, large scale compared to other similar studies Understands the psychology behind participation and non-participation in the arts Can complement Arts Council England’s segmentation approach Currently being used to target interventions as follow-up Arts Audience Development projects in the area (by Cultivate East Midlands): –‘On your doorstep’ –‘Little Treasures’ –‘Audiences of the Future’