1. Class 7 LBSC 690 Information Technology Social Issues & Control of Information

2. Agenda Questions Computing for social purposes Computing as a social process Complex systems

3. Two Types of Social Issues Computers are used for social purposes –CSCW, email, chat rooms, etc. Computers are used by people, so: –Individuals and organizations may adapt -social and economic impact –Organizations establish rules and procedures –Technology can be directed to achieve social objectives Fair access, privacy, control information

4. Computing for Social Processes Email, NetMeeting, etc. –The invisible college, personal email Virtual communities –Mailing lists, USENET news, Chat rooms CSCW Educational computing –Computer assisted instruction, distance education Social interaction –Computer dating

5. Limiting the Use of Computing/IT Variety of justifications –Parental control Web browsing software, time limits –Intellectual property protection Copyright, trade secrets –National security Classified material –Censorship

6. Techniques for Limiting Use Access control –Effective multilevel security is hard to achieve Copy protection –Hardware and software Licensing –Shrink-wrap, Shareware, GNU Public license Digital watermarks –Provide a basis for prosecution

7. Anonymity Serves several purposes –Sensitive issues on discussion groups –Brainstorming –Whistleblowers –Marketing (“Spam”) Common techniques –Anonymous re-mailers –Pseudonyms

8. Nettiquite Mailing lists and USENET News –“Emily Postnews” on comp.announce.newusers Some simple guidelines –Send private replies unless a public one is needed –Limit business uses to appropriate venues –Don’t send unsubscribe requests to the list –Read the FAQ before asking one –Avoid things that start “flames” unless you intend to

9. Computing/IT as a Social Process Programs must implement social norms –Ownership –Identity –Integrity –Privacy Two basic techniques are used –Authentication –Encryption

10. Ownership Who has the right to use a computer? Who establishes this policy? How? –What equity considerations are raised? Can someone else deny access? –Denial of service attacks How can denial of service be prevented? –Who can gain access and what can they do?

11. Identity Establishing identity permits access control What is identity in cyberspace? –Attribution When is it desirable? –Impersonation How can it be prevented? Forgery is really easy –Just set up your mailer with bogus name and email

12. Authentication Used to establish identity Two types –Physical (Keys, badges, cardkeys, thumbprints) –Electronic (Passwords, digital signatures) Protected with social structures –Report lost keys –Don’t tell anyone your password Password sniffers will eventually find it

13. Good Passwords Long enough not to be guessed –Programs can try every combination of 4 letters Not in the dictionary –Programs can try every word in a dictionary –And every date, and every proper name,... –And even every pair of words Mix upper case, lower case, numbers, etc. Change it often and use one for each account

14. Integrity How do you know what’s there is correct? –Attribution is invalid if the contents can change Access control would be one solution –No system with people has perfect access control Risks digest provides plenty of examples! Encryption offers an alternative

15. Privacy What privacy rights do computer users have? –On email? –When using computers at work? At school? –What about your home computer? What about data about you? –In government computers? –Collected by companies and organizations? Does obscurity offer any privacy?

16. Encryption Separate keys for writing and reading –Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is one “standard” Identity –“Digital signature” from a private write key Integrity –Public read key will decode only one write key Privacy –Either write key or read key can be kept secret

17. Cookies Web servers know a little about you –Machine, prior URL, browser, From this they can guess a little more –Path you followed, who is on that machine Cookies allow them to remember things –They send you a string and your browser stores it –If they ask for the string, your browser provides it –The string can represent identity and/or information

18. Copyright Intellectual property - patents, trademarks, copyright Copyright is the “right to make copies” The expression of the intellectual content is copyrighted -- not the idea itself Copyright procedures –no longer a need to register –life + 75 years Some key concepts –Fair use –First sale

19. Access Control Issues Protect system administrator access –Greater potential for damaging acts –What about nefarious system administrators? Trojan horses –Intentionally undocumented access techniques Firewalls –Prevent unfamiliar packets from passing through –Makes it harder for hackers to hurt your system

20. Denial of Service Attacks Viruses –Platform dependent –Typically binary Virus checkers –Need frequent updates Flooding –The Internet worm –Chain letters

21. Policy Solutions Five guidelines –Establish policies –Authenticate –Authorize –Audit –Supervise CSC Acceptable Use Policy

22. Crisis Management Computer Emergency Response Team –Issues advisories about known problems –Need to make sure these reach the right people Information Warfare –We depend on our information infrastructure –How can we prevent attacks against it? Hacking is individual, this would be organized –Policy for this is still being worked out

23. Complex System Issues Critical system availability –Who needs warfare - we do it to ourselves! Understandability –Why can’t we predict what systems will do? Nature of bugs –Why can’t we get rid of them? Audit-ability –How can we learn to do better in the future?

24. Social and Economic Impact Many important social institutions (e.g, libraries, government, schools) are based on managing the flow of information End of privacy, end of money ??? “Content is king”