1. Women Nobel Prize Winners in Science By: Beth Hooper Karlota Owen Joanie Schmidt Brenda Shephard-Ross 1

2. Table of Contents Marie Curie 1867-1934 By: Karlota Owen Slides 3 – 5 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1910-1994 By: Joanie Schmidt Slides 6 - 8 Barbara McClintock 1902-1992 By: Brenda Shephard-Ross Slides 9 - 11 Gertrude Elion 1918-1999 By: Beth Hooper Slides 12 - 14 2 Reference Slides 15 - 19

3. Marie Curie Born Maria Sklodowska in Warsaw, Poland on November 6, 1867 Both of her parents were teachers In 1891, Curie attended the Sorbonne in Paris 1893, received a Bachelor’s Degree in Physics and Mathematics In July 1895, She married Pierre Curie, Professor in the school of Physics In 1896, She received a Teacher’s Diploma 3 (Portrait of Marie Curie)

4. The Works of Marie Curie In 1897, after publishing a paper on the magnetism of steel, she began to study uranium According to Pais (2006), she discovered that “Thorium oxide is even more active than metallic uranium” In July 1898, with the help of her husband, Curie discovered and named Polonium In December of 1898, they discovered and named radium 4 (Portrait of Marie and Pierre Curie)

5. The Works of Marie Curie Cont. In 1903, Marie and Pierre Currie were awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with uranium, making her the first woman to win a Nobel Prize Awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society Became the Head of the Physics Laboratory at Sorbonne In 1906, She became the first woman Professor of General Physics in the Faculty of Sciences In 1911, She became the first woman to win a second Nobel Prize, this one in Chemistry In 1934, She died of radiation poisoning 5 (Portrait of Marie Curie in her Chemistry lab)

6. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Born in Cairo on May 12, 1910 Found an interest in chemistry and crystals at the early age of 10 Took a special course in crystallography and did research in x-ray crystallography Received her education in chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford Obtained PH.D. at Cambridge University in 1937 Teacher in chemistry for women’s colleges and university lecturer 6 (Portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin)

7. The works of Dorothy Hodgkin “Hodgkin studied the structures of cholecalciferol (vitamin D2) and lumisterol and, with C.H. Carlisle, she correctly analyzed cholesterol iodide, the first complex organic molecule to be determined completely by X-ray crystallography.” (Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot, (2008)) Working with x-ray analysis some of her discoveries were: Cholesterol in 1937 Penicillin in 1945 Vitamin B12 in 1954 Insulin in 1969 Vitamin B12 Structure (Mills, 2008) 7

8. The works of Dorothy Hodgkin Cont. In 1964 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of the Vitamin B12 structure In 1965 she was the second woman ever to receive the honor of being admitted to the Order of Merit Lenin Peace Prize in 1987 8 (Hodgkin with vitamin structure)

9. Barbara McClintock Born in Connecticut on June 16, 1902 Found a love for science while in high school Parents not fond of post high school education for women Received her BS degree in Botany in 1923/ from Cornell College of Agriculture Barbara was awarded her Nobel Prize in 1983 in the category of Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of genetic transposition 9 (Portrait of Barbara McClintock)

10. The works of Barbara McClintock “She indentified two new dominant and interacting genetic loci that she named Dissociator (Ds) and Activator (Ac)”. (http://en.citizendium.org/w iki/Barbara_McClintock) While studying the chromosomes of corn kernels she discovered that both loci could change positions or transpose on the chromosome 10 (Barbara McClintock with Corn)

11. The works of Barbara McClintock Cont. During Barbara’s research she showed how genes were responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off during transposition Since women were not allowed to major in genetics Barbara earned her MA and PhD in botany 11 (Barbara McClintock Postage Stamp)

12. Gertrude Elion (1918) Born in New York City to immigrant parents. (1941) Graduated with Masters from New York University in Chemistry. (1944) Became assistant to George Hitchings at Burroughs Wellcome Co. (1950) Synthesizes Purinethol a drug that cures childhood leukemia when used with drugs later developed. (1959) Imuran an immunosupressant helps organ transplantation become a viable option for patients. 12 Portrait of Gertrude Elion

13. Gertrude Elion’s Later Career (1969) Receives Honorary Doctorate from George Washington University. (1970’s) Helps create Zovirax, the first drug to treat viral infections. (1984) Elion’s lab creates AZT the only AIDS drug treatment until the 1990’s. (1988) Shares Nobel Prize with George Hitchings for their work on drug design and discoveries about chemotherapy. (1999) Dies at the age of 81 in North Carolina. 13

14. Other Notable Works: Zyloprim which is used in the treatment of Gout. Daraprim which was designed for the treatment of Malaria. Septra which is used to combat meningitis, septicemia, and bacterial infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts. Zovirax which is used for the treatment of viral herpes. 14 Gertrude Elion at her lab.

15. References [Barbara McClintock Postage Stamp]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock [Barbara McClintock with Corn]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.fembio.org/images/uploads/WF-barbara-mcclintock.jpg Burkhardt, C. (n.d.). Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. Retrieved January 12, 2010 from http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hodgki.html Citizendium.http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock [Web] Retrieved February 9, 2010 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. (2010). Retrieved January 21, 2010 from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin- bio.html Dorothy Hodgkin. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin 15

16. References (Cont.) Froman, N. (1996, December 1). Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discover of Polonium and Radium. Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/index.html [Gertrude Elion.](n.d.). Digital image. Academy of Achievement. Web. 14 Feb. 2010.. [Gertrude Elion.](n.d.). Digital image. Web. 14 Feb. 2010.. Glusker, J. P. (2006) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994). In N. Byers & G. Williams (Eds.). Out of the Shadows: Contributions of twentieth-century women to physics (pp 240-261). New York: Cambridge University Press. Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1910-1994). (2008). In Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved from McGraw-Hill Access Science Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online. Retrieved February 5, 2010 from http://www.accessscience.com 16

17. References (Cont.) [Hodgkin with Vitamin Structure]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/A/V/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin.jpg Jewish Women's Archive. "JWA - Gertrude Elion - Timeline." (February 14, 2010). Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1988, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1989 Marie Curie. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie- faq.html 17

18. References (Cont.) Mills, B. (2008). [Stick model of cyanocobalamin]. Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:cyanocobalamin-3D- stick.png Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967. Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie- bio.html Pais, A. Marie Curie (1867-1934). In N. Byers & G. Williams (Eds.). Out of the Shadows: Contributions of twentieth-century women to physics (pp 43-54). New York: Cambridge University Press. [Portrait of Barbara McClintock]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio3/people/mcclintock.gif 18

19. References (Cont.) [Portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/Portraits/images/hodgkins2c.jpg [Portrait of Marie Curie]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie- faq.html [Portrait of Marie and Pierre Curie] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie- photo.html [Portrait of Marie Curie in her Chemistry lab] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie- photo.html 19