1. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html Source: IPCC (2007); based on global emissions from 2004. IPCC (2007)

2. Fuel Mix for U.S. Electricity Generation http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and- you/index.html

3. Greenhouse Gas emissions by country

4. Energy for Sustainability (2008) Energy Energy Intensity E i Indicates how much a national economy is dependent on energy per unit of economic output or gross domestic product (GPD) The smaller E i the better.

5. Eastern Europe,/Former Soviet Union China, India, etc US, EU

6. IIASA - International Institute for Applied System Analysis: Energy Use Predictions for scenario A1 (BAU)

7. What CO 2 concentration should we strive for? 350 ppm ? 450 ppm ? 550 ppm ? 650 ppm ? 750 ppm ? The lower the number, the harder for the economy to recover

8. FAQ 10.3, Figure 1. (a) Simulated changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration relative to the present-day for emissions stabilised at the current level (black), or at 10% (red), 30% (green), 50% (dark blue) and 100% (light blue) lower than the current level; (b) as in (a) for a trace gas with a lifetime of 120 years, driven by natural and anthropogenic fluxes; and (c) as in (a) for a trace gas with a lifetime of 12 years, driven by only anthropogenic fluxes. Simulated changes in atmospheric greenhouse concentration CO 2 N2ON2O CH 4

9. How much will it cost to change? Which is worth more to you, according to economic theory: $200 given to you today, or $200 given to you one year from now? At 5% interest (discount rate), $200 in the bank today will grow to $210 in one year. $200 ×(1.05) $200 times 1.05 = $210 Present Value ×( 1 + Interest Rate ) Present Value times (1 + Interest Rate) = Future Value in One Year Multiplying $200 by 1.05 is mathematically equivalent to adding 5% to it. It costs less to fix global warming now than it will in the future but we needn’t stop all economic growth to fix the problem Social Discount Rate is a measure used to help guide choices about the value of diverting funds to social projects. It is defined as “the appropriate value of r to use in computing present discount value for social investments” ( the lower, the more future generations are valued

10. Bottom Line of economists Dumping GHG’s into the atmosphere costs (externality) The dumpers need to pay (internalize externality)