1. 1 CS 106, Winter 2009 Class 1, Section 4 Slides by: Dr. Cynthia A. Brown, cbrown@cs.pdx.educbrown@cs.pdx.edu Instructor section 4: Dr. Herbert G. Mayer, herb@cs.pdx.eduherb@cs.pdx.edu

2. Class Basics Prerequisites Exams, grades Labs Textbooks, thumb drive Policies Contact info Website (Blackboard) All information is available in the syllabus on the Blackboard site. Go to http://psuonline.pdx.edu and login using your Odin account.http://psuonline.pdx.edu 2

3. The Blackboard Site We’ll take some time after the break to get oriented to the Blackboard site. If you do not have your Odin account and password yet, take care of it right away at the Help Desk (SMU basement) 3

4. Class Goals (Why am I taking this class?) The main goal of this class is to teach you problem-solving skills. We will focus on visual approaches to problem solving. You can only do so much in the abstract, so… As a medium for solving problems, we’ll learn some Visual Basic (VB). There is way more to VB than we can cover. If you like it, the text will help you learn more… or, you can take another programming class (CS 161). 4

5. Problem Solving The Dan Roam text, “The Back of the Napkin,” (BN) is our main source for general problem- solving material. (Also see http://www.digitalroam.com) Roam analyzes problem types and discusses visual approaches to solving them. 5

6. The BN Premise Any problem can be made clearer with a picture. – “Pictures can represent complex concepts and summarize vast sets of information in ways that are easy for us to see and understand.” You do NOT have to be an artist to use this approach! – This is about thinking, not pretty pictures. 6

7. Thinking We’ll learn a thinking process for attacking a problem We’ll learn a bit of logic and some visual techniques to help us with the process We’ll practice our techniques in the realm of VB programming 7

8. The Four Steps of Visual Thinking Look: gather the data See: understand what you’re looking at, find what is relevant or useful Imagine: come up with ideas Show: communicate the ideas or embody them in action 8

9. The Process SHOW IMAGINE LOOKSEE 9

10. A Simple Example: Crossing the Street Look: Gather information: amount of traffic, traffic lights, sirens? See: How does traffic work. Do people stop for lights? Pedestrians? Imagine: What if I jaywalk? What if I walk to the corner and cross? Show: Cross the street safely. 10

11. Crossing a Normal Street 11

12. Crossing a Street in HCM City 12

13. The Arc de Triomphe 13

14. Getting to the Arc de Triomphe 14

15. And the moral is… Follow the process! Don’t just jump in and start trying something: it could be dangerous! For our purposes, this means: take the time to analyze the problem before you start constructing the solution. In the end you will have a better solution in less time. 15

16. Let’s take a closer look at some of these steps… 16

17. Look: Collect and Screen Scan the environment to build up a big-picture sense of things Ask questions to fill in any gaps Make an initial effort to understand: – What is important? – What are the fundamental coordinates of the data? – Is this what you expected to see? Or do you need to make an additional effort to understand? 17

18. The Four Steps of Looking In physical looking – Orientation: up and down – Position: where am I in the scene? – Identification: what am I looking at here? – Direction: focusing on something important The same process holds when looking at a chart or other picture. 18

19. A Typical Chart Orientation, Position, Identification, Direction 19

20. To Look at Data Collect everything relevant Lay it out where you can see it all (garage sale principle) Identify the type of data Define a coordinate system to give orientation and direction Practice visual triage 20

21. Type of Data: The Six Questions Who and what? How much? When? (even fore pure math problem?) Where? How? Why? 21

22. Coordinate System Use the six questions (who/what, how much, where, when, how, why) to develop a coordinate system: – For example, compare who to how much (bar chart or pie chart) – Or make an axis for what versus how much, and plot in who. – A stock price chart compares how much to when – Etc. 22

23. Visual Triage Pare down the information to just what is relevant Present it in a way that takes advantage of the visual system’s built-in processing 23

24. Example: Which way is up? 24

25. Example: What Not to Step On 25

26. What We Notice Proximity: Things that are close together are related Color: We notice color right away and assume grouping based on color See page 72 for others 26

27. Looking versus Seeing Looking is about colleting the raw information and trying different ways of arranging it Seeing is about selecting what’s important 27

28. See: Select and Clump Which inputs are worth more attention? Do you recognize any patterns? Do you understand this environment well enough to make decisions about it? Or do you need to go back for more data? 28

29. Six Ways to See The six ways to see correspond to the six questions (who/what, how much, when, where, how, why). The trick is to organize things in a way that makes the information apparent. 29

30. Example: Seeing the Market These charts show how much versus when. 30

31. Example: Timeline Timeline shows who/what versus when. 31

32. US History Timeline 32

33. Map: What vs Where 33

34. Recall The Process SHOW IMAGINE LOOKSEE 34

35. Imagine: See What Isn’t There Can you make analogies to things you’re familiar with? Can you rearrange the patterns you see to make more sense? Can you manipulate the patterns so something invisible becomes visible? Is there a hidden framework connecting everything you saw? 35

36. Imagining Activities Get all the inputs in mind, then close your eyes and see if new patterns emerge. Find analogies. Manipulate the patterns, and see if something new becomes visible. Alter the obvious: find multiple ways to show the same thing. 36

37. Example: History Do economic upheavals lead to wars and revolutions? We might think of such an idea when studying historical timelines. Did you know there was a major recession, with high energy prices, just before the Civil War? Studying timelines might give us ideas for other correlations. (Possibly silly ones.) 37

38. Show: Make it All Clear What are the three most important pictures that emerged? What visual framework is most appropriate for sharing what I’ve seen? Check against your original data: does your idea make sense? 38

39. Six Frameworks for Showing Who/what: qualitative representation: portrait How much: quantitative representation: chart Where: position in space: map When: position in time: timeline How: cause and effect: flowchart Why: deduction and prediction: multi-variable chart 39

40. ManyEyes: A Great Resource Find it at http://services.alphaworks.ibm.com/manyeyes/ It has great resources for creating fancy charts and graphs. 40

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42. BREAK 10 min

43. Demonstration Getting into Blackboard