1. Unit II Population (13-17%)
A.P. Human Geography

2. A. Geographical Analysis of Population
Density, distribution, and Scale

3. Distribution

5. Population Clusters, Density Population Density Population per unit of land area; for example, people per square mile or people per square kilometer of arable land.

6. Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2
Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land.

7. World and Country Population Totals
Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface!
Total: 6.8 billion on planet as of March 5, 2010
Current World Population Counter from U.S Census Bureau
Five most populous regions and countries
REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
East Asia 1.6 billion China 1.3 billion
South Asia 1.5 billion India 1.1 million
Europe 1 billion U.S million
SE Asia 600 million Indonesia 250 million
E N. America & Canada 275 million Brazil 188 million

8. How many shorties will the Luby’s have?
Mmmm . . Hog Wild

9. Scale

10. 2. Consequences of various densities and distributions

11. An Aging World Discussion
What are the implications of an aging population for:
The U.S. housing market?
Social security and pension funds?
Public financing of colleges and universities?
Global migration flows?

12. Overpopulation
When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

13. Population and Resource Consumption

14. Technology, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Impact
There has been a dramatic increase in:
individual energy use over time: 3,000 kcal/person - 300,000 kcal/person
the power of technology to change the environment: think stone axe versus bulldozer versus atomic bomb.
The scope and severity of environmental impacts.

15. Luby’s future Softball team

16. 3. Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity

23. Population J-Curve

24. 4. Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future

25. B. Population growth and decline over time and space
1. Historical trends and projections for the future
Population Growth
The dominant issue in population geography remains growth. The world's population is currently growing at a rate that is more than ten times the total estimated world population at the beginning of the Holocene and the bulk of this growth is occurring in the world's poorer countries.
The Earth's environments and natural resources are strained as never before by the needs of a mush-rooming human population, a population that has more than doubled in the last 50 years.
Problems resulting from unprecedented population growth became especially acute in the twentieth century. A continued high rate of population growth in the twenty-first century can have a calamitous impact, causing irreversible damage to the natural systems on which we depend for our existence and survival.

29. 2. Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Model

30. Demographic Transition Model

31. Demographic Transition Model
Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)
Crude birth/death rate high
Fragile, but stable, population
Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)
Lower death rates
Infant mortality rate falls
Natural increase very high
Stage three (attitudes change)
Indicative of richer developed countries
Higher standards of living/education
Crude birth rate finally falls
Stage four
Crude birth/death rates low
Population stable
Populations aging

32. Problems with the Demographic Transition Model
based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization
many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth – TV and family planning seem to be at work
on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East

33. Thomas Malthus on Population
An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.
Assumptions
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

34. Jean Antoine Condorcet
(1743 – 1794)
predicted that innovation, resulting increased wealth, and choice would provide food and resources in the future and lead to fewer children per family
believed that society was perfectible

35. 3. Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health

36. Fertility The actual reproductive performance of an individual, a couple, a group, or a population. See general fertility rate.

38. Mortality Deaths as a component of population change.

39. World Death Rates Infectious diseases Degenerative diseases
HIV/AIDS
SARS
Degenerative diseases
Obesity
Tobacco use
Epidemiological transition
Communicable diseases/pathogens in less developed countries
Degenerative diseases in more developed countries (obesity, heart disease, diabetes, cancer)

40. Life Expectancy

41. Life Expectancy Infant mortality rate Antibiotics/immunization
Rapid increase throughout world

42. Adults and Children Living with HIV/AIDS, mid-2006

43. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

44. 4. Regional variations of demographic transition
Most current and future  growth is taking place in developing countries, which have experienced only a partial demographic transition.

45.                                                                                    Figure 7: Projected World Population Growth

47. 5. Effects of Population Policies

48. New Influences on Birth Rates
Family planning programs
Contraceptive technology
Role of mass media

49. Population Control Obstacles Manufacture/distribution expense Religion
Low female status
Preference for male children

50. C. Population Movement
1. Push and Pull Factors

51. "Push-Pull" Hypothesis A migration theory that suggests that circumstances at the place of origin (such as poverty and unemployment) repel or push people out of that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or pull (such as a high standard of living or job opportunities).

53. 2. Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales

54. Involuntary

55. Trail of Tears

56. Voluntary