1. Recursion H&K Chapter 10 Instructor – Gokcen Cilingir Cpt S 121 (July 21, 2011) Washington State University

2. Recursive functions A function that calls itself is said to be recursive. Here are examples of “famous” recursively defined functions in math: factorial and fibonacci Base case/step Recursive case/step The ability to invoke itself enables a recursive function to be repeated with different parameter values

3. C implementation to factorial function //iterative implementation int fact (int n) { int i, ans = 1; for(i = n; i > 1; i--) ans = ans * i; return ans; } //recursive implementation int fact (int n) { int ans; if (n == 0) ans = 1; else ans = n * fact(n-1); return ans; }

4. Recursion Recursion is a method where the solution to a problem depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. A common computer programming tactic is to divide a problem into sub-problems of the same type as the original, solve those problems, and combine the results. fact(n-1) … fact(0) multiply all fact nfact(n)

5. C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon5 Recursion (2) Problems that may be solved using recursion have these attributes: ◦ One or more simple cases have a straightforward, non- recursive solution ◦ The other cases may be defined in terms of problems that are closer to the simple cases ◦ Through a series of calls to the recursive function, the problem eventually is stated in terms of the simple cases image source: H&K, figure 10.1

6. Recursion (3) The recursive algorithms we’re going to write will generally have the form: if this is a simple (base) case: solve it else redefine the problem using recursion

7. Example 1 Write a function that performs multiplication through addition with the prototype: int multiply(int m, int n); Let’s recursively define multiply : base case: multiply (m,1) is m recursive case: multiply (m, n) is n + multiply (m, n-1)

8. Example 1 (cont’d) Here is the recursive C implementation of mult: int multiply (int m, int n) { int ans; if (n == 1) ans = m; // base case else ans = n + multiply (m, n – 1); // recursive case return ans; }

9. Example 2 Write a function to count the number of times a particular character appears in a string. Here is the function prototype: int count (char ch, const char str[]); Let’s recursively define count : base case: If str has 0 length, then count(ch,str) is 0 recursive case: if str[0] is ch, then count(ch,str) is 1+ count(ch, &str[1]) else, count(ch,str) is count(ch, &str[1])

10. Example 2 (cont’d) Figure below illustrates a common thinking strategy while designing a recursive solution to a problem: image source: H&K, figure 10.3

11. Example 2 (cont’d) Here is the recursive C implementation of mult: int count (char ch, const char str[]) { int ans; if (strlen(str) == 0) //base case ans = 0; else //recursive case { if (ch == str[0]) ans = 1 + count(ch, &str[1]); else ans = count(ch, &str[1]); } return ans; }

12. Tracing a recursive function image source: H&K, figure 10.5

13. Example 3 Develop a program in C to count pixels(picture elements) belonging to an object in a photograph. The data are in a two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which may be empty (value 0) or filled (value 1). The filled cells that are connected form a blob (an object). Write a function blob_check that takes as parameters the grid and x-y coordinates of a cell and returns as its value the number of cells in the blob to which the indicated cell belongs. image source: H&K, figure 10.27

14. Example 3 (cont’d) Prototype of blob_check : int blob_check(int grid[][SIZE], int x, int y); Let’s recursively define blob_check : Base case If the cell (x,y) is not on the grid, or the cell (x,y) is empty, then blob_check returns 0. Recursive case If the cell is on the grid and filled, then blob_check returns: 1 + blob_check (grid, x+1, y) + blob_check (grid, x-1, y) + blob_check (grid, x, y+1) + blob_check (grid, x, y-1) + blob_check (grid, x+1, y-1) + blob_check (grid, x+1, y+1) + blob_check (grid, x-1, y-1) + blob_check (grid, x-1, y+1) NOTE: To avoid counting a filled cell more than once, mark a cell as empty once you have counted it

15. Example 3 (cont’d) int blob_check(int grid[][SIZE], int x, int y) { int ans, i, j, newX, newY; int adjustment[3] = {-1, 0, 1}; if (x SIZE || y SIZE || grid[x][y] == 0) ans = 0; else { ans = 1; grid[x][y] = 0; /*mark it as zero not to count it twice later*/ for(i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) { newX = x + adjustment[i]; newY = y + adjustment[j]; ans = ans + blob_check(grid,newX,newY); } return ans; }

16. 16 References J.R. Hanly & E.B. Koffman, Problem Solving and Program Design in C (6 th Ed.), Addison- Wesley, 2010 P.J. Deitel & H.M. Deitel, C How to Program (5 th Ed.), Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.