1. John Coll Lamar Fish Health Center

3. $116 billion worth of benefits sport fishing  Based on the 2001 numbers, ASA's economic analysis lays out the $116 billion worth of benefits sport fishing brings to our local, state and national economies. $42 billion on fishing tackle  The report also details how forty-five million American’s spent more than $42 billion on fishing tackle, trips and related services in 2001 with each angler spending an average of $1,046 on fishing. $30 billion in wages  In addition, more than one million jobs are related to sport fishing, accounting for more than $30 billion in wages. While these numbers are impressive, what resonates through all the facts and figures is fishing’s tremendous importance to our way of life and livelihood.

4.  The Department of Commerce recently established an aquaculture policy to promote the development of a highly competitive and sustainable aquaculture industry. The objectives of this 1999 policy include forecast increases in production value from the current US$900 million to US$5 billion by the year 2025 US$5 billion by the year 2025, and an increase in aquaculture employment from 180 000 to 600 000 people.

5. Fish are regarded as sentinel species, and their status is often used as a measure of ecosystem health

6. As sentinel species, their health is a key monitoring factor; and as living organisms they are impacted by their environment, and susceptible to diseases.

7. disease /dis·ease/ (dĭ-zēz´) any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. Infectious Bacterial Environmental Parasitic Viral Opportunistic Exotic Endemic Obligate Emerging Emergency

9. A pathogen that has been newly introduced can have devastating effects. Imperiled populations, particularly those under stress from a suboptimal environment, can be more vulnerable to pathogens Chytrid fungus ( Batrachochytrium) & trematode parasite ( Ribeiroia) contribute to global decline of amphibians

11.  Risk of amplification and distribution of pathogens to culture facilities and watersheds through gametes  Wild ATS adults captured during freshwater spawning migration for use as broodstock

12.  1984 - First diagnosed in Norway  1996 – Bay of Fundy, Canada  1998 – Scotland  1999 – Chile  2000 – Faroe Islands  2001 – Maine, USA  Control  Surveillance  Depopulation/ indemnification  Zone Fallowing  Vaccination

13. ISA virus in Wild Atlantic salmon 2001 RT-PCR assay of blood More sensitive Quantitative RT-PCR detected a handful in 2009 and 2010 from Penobscot sea runs 1 detected in Merrimack sea run in 2010 Not yet detected in Connecticut River

14.  DNA Sequence analysis identified non-pathogenic (HPRO) genotype found to be carried by wild ATS  Possible mutation of HPRO to pathogenic strain in captivity causes risk to ATS programs  Individual fish identified as positive either released back into rivers, or culled from population before spawning.

15.  Wide host and geographical range  In salmonids, clinical disease effects fry and fingerlings  Mortality can approach 100%  Survivors become asymptomatic carriers to adulthood  Horizontal transmission in wild can lead to adult carriers  Vertical transmission occurs despite egg disinfection

16. IPN virus in Wild Atlantic salmon  Detected in Connecticut River sea run ovarian fluid samples 2007  No clinical disease  All Ct. R. sea run progeny at risk …putting incubation facilities at risk …putting incubation facilities at risk  All sea run eggs destroyed

17. Unique IPNV genotype Canada 4? Canada 4? Connecticut River 1? Connecticut River 1? no IPNV detected since 2007

18. IPNV virus in Region 5 Great Lakes lake trout program  Detected in production lots at Allegheny NFH in 2005, associated with clinical disease associated with clinical disease  Great Lakes “Restricted Disease”, facility depopulated  Hatchery construction: renovation and Biosecurity

19.  Microsporidian (intracellular) parasite  No evidence vertical transmission occurs  Erratic swimming, Dark coloration, Exopthalmia, Pale gills,  Increased mortalities - mild in rainbow trout, severe in Atlantic salmon ??? lake trout ???

20.  N. salmonis was detected by nested PCR in Region 3 LAT that experienced mortalities (no histology was performed)  Concern about LAT going from R3 to R5 (White River NFH)  R3 conducted nPCR testing on other sites and determined that it was “ubiquitous”  Is it ubiquitous in R5????

21. Testing of 400 samples (ovarian fluids and kidney) from 12 Northeast hatcheries and 8 wild waters negative for parasite by optimized nPCR and QPCR 6 Maine Hatcheries

22.  UC Davis received samples from R3 for sequencing  have not yet reported success in sequencing or confirming N. salmonis.  R5 should continue to avoid fish from R3 sources  More sampling – costly but will conduct additional limited sampling until UC Davis’ report

23. Hatchery vs Natural

24. USFWS sponsored program that examines free-ranging fish to better understand the national distribution of fish pathogens. An associated database stores, compiles, and permits queries of information gathered during fish examinations. The National Wild Fish Health Survey http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey

25.  Through a variety of partnerships - including Tribal, State, non-profit groups, public utilities, and other federal agencies  Collected via traps, electrofishing, hook and line, netting (fyke, gill, seine) with appropriate permits

26. All samples are required to be tested using a valid:  Screening Method  Confirmation Method

27. What Happens to the Results?  Results entered into a database at the local level.  Partners aiding in collection receive reports  Exported to National Database  Information within Database can be queried by resource partners and others

28. http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey/database.htm Accessing the current NWFHS Database

29.  Summary tables.  USGS hydrologic unit code (HUC) maps.  Dot distribution relief maps with or without political features. Current web interface queries produce results displayed 3 ways…

33.  Standardized taxonomic information  Standardized input of named geographic locations, e.g. waterbodies  Links water-related data to the NHD surface water drainage network (traceouts)

35. Fish kills Surveillance Regulatory Actions Exotic/Introduced Pathogens Emerging Disease Organisms Emerging Disease Organisms

36.  Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is a severe disease of freshwater and marine fish.  Four(4) genetically different types of VHS  Genotypes I, II, and III are mainly found in Europe and Asia (rainbow trout).  Genotype IV (North American strain)  East and West coasts of North America (IVa)  Great Lakes watershed (IVb).  To date, VHS has not been found in aquaculture facilities in the Great Lakes  Can affect a number of fish species with potential for significant mortality

39.  Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia  First Isolation of VHSv-IVb in Lake Erie freshwater drum and yellow perch in spring 2006.  Follow-up sampling in the spring of 2006 of 12 species from the western and central basin of Lake Erie, isolating the virus from 10 of the species sampled.

42. http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey  In June 2008, in collaboration with Ohio Division of Wildlife, LaCrosse FHC isolated VHS from a muskellunge in the Clear Fork Reservoir (Ohio River drainage )  This isolation was the first outside of the Great Lakes Basin Photo by Wayne Davis

44.  Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is a contagious viral disease mainly seen in farmed carp and related species.  Outbreaks can cause substantial economic losses.  Since 2002, several SVC outbreaks have been reported in U.S. (farmed and wild species affected)

45. Common Carp

46.  Lamar FHC: Isolated Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCv) from Bluegill and Largemouth Bass collected from the Pleasant Hill Reservoir, OH.  No clinical disease reported in these events.  First report of SVCv from centrarchids.  First report of SVCv from centrarchids.

48. Map Provided by Josh Bradley

49.  The National Wild Fish Survey’s purpose is to determine the distribution of certain fish pathogens  As the environment changes, the relationship between host and pathogen will change  The first step in documenting climate change is monitoring  The database is critical for analysis of the information collected

50.  Baseline information  Determine changes to baseline  Evaluate factors that may contribute to changes  Eliminate changes due to other factors

51. New aquareovirus from rainbow smelt in New Hampshire Wild stocks as broodstocks in captive propagation programs Lake sturgeon-Wisconsin Northern Pike – Wisconsin American shad – eggs to China, from NW Brown trout – Connecticut Lamprey relocations Pacific re-introductions in Columbia and Williamette Sea (Atlantic) sterile male program in Great Lakes Wild fish in other propagation programs LMB, SMB, Walleye as host species for Endangered mussels Fish passage

52. A tool you can incorporate into ALL your fishery projects http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey/

53. NWHFS: http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey/ About Fish Health Centers: http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey/about/ VHSV: http://www.focusonfishhealth.org/

54. http://www.fws.gov/wildfishsurvey