1. US History
Goal 6

2. H-O-H:
Why did America
join the imperialist
club at the end
of the 19c?

3. Reasons for Imperialism
Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories
 Reasons
Desire for military strength
Alfred Mahan- US admiral in navy- build navy to compete with other nations
Modern battleships- Maine and Oregon
New markets for US goods
US needed raw materials for its’ factories
US needed markets for its’ agricultural and manufacturing products
Belief in cultural superiority
Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest; racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons
Religious Purposes
Spread Christianity

4. 1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

5. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

6. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

7. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

8. Alaska

9. Purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward
Buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
Become known as Seward’s Folly- thought buying Alaska was silly
Alaska will be rich in natural resources
Oil, gas, etc
Will be a good deal
Alaska become 49th state in 1959

10. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

11. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

12. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

13. Annexation of Hawaii Hawaii US takes Midway Islands in 1867
Americans had been using Hawaii since 1790s
American sugar plantations grow rapidly ( 3/4 of islands wealth)
US imposes tariffs on its’ territories (McKinley Tariff of 1890)
American sugar plantations cry for annexation
1887- US starts to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base
1897- President Cleveland and Congress proclaim Hawaii a territory
1959- Hawaii becomes 50th state

14. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

15. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

16. Cuba

17. Interest In Cuba US supported Cuban rebellions in 1868 and 1878
1895- Cuba revolts under Jose Marti
1896- Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to end revolt
Around 300,000 Cubans put in concentration camps
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use yellow journalism to create exaggerated accounts of the conditions in the concentration camps
Creates war fever in America
Spain gives in a little- give Cuba limited self-government
De Lome Letter- letter stolen by Cuban rebel that criticized President McKinley as weak.
USS Maine sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens. The USS Maine blew up. Spain was blamed.

18. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

19. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

20. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

21. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

22. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

23. War with Spain War declared on April 20, 1898
US invades Philippines and destroys the Spanish fleet (navy)
Spain will surrender the Philippines in August
Set up a blockade of Cuba
Rough Riders- group of volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt
San Juan Hill- US troops defeated Spanish and forced them to flee
US will invade Puerto Rico in July

24. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

25. The “Rough Riders”

26. Treaty of Paris (1898) Peace terms Debate over Philippines
Spain frees Cuba
Spain gives Guam and Puerto Rico to the US
Spain sells Philippines to US for $20 million
Debate over Philippines
Yes- McKinley said “educate the Filipinos and uplift and Christianize them.”- Social Darwinism No
Booker T Washington- take care of problems in US
Samuel Gompers- argued that Filipinos would compete for jobs
US Senate will ratify the Treaty of Paris

27. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

28. What will happen to new territories?
 Puerto Rico
Immediately after Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was under military rule.
Foraker Act- end military rule
President of US appoints Governor of Puerto Rico and members of its’ upper house of legislatures
Puerto Ricans elect lower house of legislatures
1917- US gives Puerto Ricans full citizenship rights and the right to elect both houses of government

29. Cuba After war, US military had a big presence in Cuba
Gave food and clothing, helped farmers, and organized elementary schools
1900- Cuba writes its’ own constitution
US add Platt Amendment to their constitution
Cuba could not make treaty that would allow foreigners to control any part of Cuba
The US had the right to intervene in Cuba
The US could buy or lease land for naval bases
Cuba becomes a US protectorate ( a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power)

30. Panama

31. US Interest in Panama US will want to build a canal in Panama
Canal would make shipping to Asian markets faster
Construction will start in 1903 and finish in 1914
US will control it until 1977
Today- owned and operated by the government of Panama

32. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

33. China

34. US Interest in China
European countries already set up spheres of influence in China
Sphere of Influence- areas where each country claimed rights and economic privileges
US feared they would be shut out
John Hay- US Secretary of State
Wrote Open Door notes- letters to leaders of other nations proposing they share trading rights with the US
Other powers accept policy

35. China Cont.
Boxer Rebellion- group that resented foreign influence in China
Boxers killed missionaries and foreigners
International forces will put down rebellion
John Hay- write a second series of Open Door notes
Notes reflect US beliefs
Growth of US depended on exports
US had a right to intervene to keep foreign markets open
Closing of areas to Americans threatened US survival

36. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

37. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

38. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

39. The Open Door Policy

40. America as a Pacific Power

41. Reactions to Imperialism
Filipino Revolt
Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipinos forced to live in designated zones that were filled with starvation and poor sanitation
Took more than 3 years to put down rebellion
Aftermath- US set up a government like the one set up in Puerto Rico
Philippines become independent on July 4, 1946

42. Reactions Cont. Mexican Rebellion
Under President Wilson, US will intervene when Mexico is struggling with setting up a new government
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will fight against US
Zapata- “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees.”
Eventually US will back down and avoid war with Mexico because of larger war looming- World War I

43. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

44. Teddy Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt
Took office in after McKinely was assassinated
Had Panama Canal built- benefit US navy and shipping
Roosevelt Corollary- addition to Monroe Doctrine where Roosevelt said European countries could not intervene in affairs in Western Hemisphere but the US could
Big Stick Policy- “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

45. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

46. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

47. Taft and Wilson Taft Wilson
Dollar diplomacy- US will invest money in foreign countries
US government guaranteed loans made by American businesses to foreign countries
Wilson
Missionary or Moral Diplomacy
US had moral responsibility to deny any Latin American government that the US viewed as oppressive or undemocratic, or hostile to US interests
Lead to the US involvement in Mexico