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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00 11 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00 11 01 10 z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10 z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10 z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.1+.5=2.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.1+.5=2.6 -1.1-0.5=-1.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.3-0.1=1.2 -2.3+0.1=-2.2 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 2.1-.5=1.6 -1.1+.5=-0.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 -2.3-0.1=-2.4 1.3+0.1=1.4 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 01 10: -z[2]+z[3] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 10 01 00 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] 00: z[0]+z[1] 11: -z[0]-z[1] 00 01 10 11 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 1.7 -1.7 00 01 10 11 s[2] 00: z[2]+z[3] 11 z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 2.1 -1.1 1.3 -2.3 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 2.6-4=-1.4 1.2+4=-5.2
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6+0=1.6 1.4+0=1.4
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 00 2.6+4=6.6 1.2+0=1.2
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 00 6.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 00 6.6 1.4+0=1.4 1.6+0=1.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.4 s[3]s[4] 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 00 6.6 1.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6
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00 Viterbi estimate of info bits: 0001 00 10 6.6 00 0 1
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 S[5] s[6] Extend by two states
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 00 11 00 01 10 11 S[5] s[6] With termination at 00
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[8], z[9]=-2,2z[10], z[11]=-1,-1
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[8], z[9]=-2,2z[10], z[11]=-1,-1 5.2 10.6 5.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[8], z[9]=-2,2z[10], z[11]=-1,-1 5.2 10.6 5.6 12.6
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00 s[0]s[1] 00 z[0], z[1]=0.9,0.8 00 10 s[2] z[2], z[3]=-0.1,0.5 00 01 10 11 z[4], z[5]=0.3,0.2 s[3]s[4] 00 01 10 11 z[6], z[7]=-2,-2 5.2 1.6 6.6 1.6 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 01 10 00 01 10 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 z[8], z[9]=-2,2z[10], z[11]=-1,-1 5.2 10.6 5.6 12.6 Viterbi estimate (accounting for termination) of four info bits: 0001
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 01 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 Info bit sequence: 100… Codeword: 11 10 11 00 … Input weight=1 Output weight = 5 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 01 00 11 10 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 01 00 11 10 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 Info bit sequence: 1100… Codeword: 11 01 01 11 00 … Input weight=2 Output weight = 6
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00 01 10 11 s[0]s[1] s[2]s[3]s[4] 00 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 01 s[5]s[6] 00 11 10 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11
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00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 01 00 11 10 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 01 10 11 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 00 11 10 01 00 11 10 01
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