1. 1 VDPAM 445 Swine Topics Part 1: Introduction Dr. Alex Ramirez Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University

2. 2 Introduction Introduction Course overview Course overview Swine practice Swine practice Production systems Production systems

3. 3 Focus will be: Focus will be: Structure and function of swine practice Structure and function of swine practice Necessary skills and approaches to problem solving Necessary skills and approaches to problem solving Rule out lists Rule out lists Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosis and treatment Course Introduction

4. 4 Schedule Schedule 14 Lectures 14 Lectures 1 slide set ≠ 1 day’s lecture 1 slide set ≠ 1 day’s lecture Readings Readings Merck Manual: baseline information (boards) Merck Manual: baseline information (boards) WebCT – VDPAM 100S WebCT – VDPAM 100S Couple questions from Quiz on exam Couple questions from Quiz on exam Slides Slides Should be on WebCT Should be on WebCT

5. 5 WebCT – VDPAM 100S

6. 6

7. 7 Course Introduction Questions Questions E-mail: ramireza@iastate.edu E-mail: ramireza@iastate.eduramireza@iastate.edu Office: 2231 Lloyd Vet Med Center Office: 2231 Lloyd Vet Med Center Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Food Supply Veterinary Medicine Old PAM (Production Animal Medicine) Old PAM (Production Animal Medicine) Office is always open Office is always open

8. 8 Attributes of a Swine Practitioner What should you know? What should you know? What should you be able to do? What should you be able to do? How should you behave? How should you behave? Why is swine practice different? Why is swine practice different?

9. 9 What should you know? #1 thing! #1 thing! Know what you know as well as what you don’t know Know what you know as well as what you don’t know Don’t be afraid to say “I don’t know” Don’t be afraid to say “I don’t know” But ……. always get back to them with an answer!!! But ……. always get back to them with an answer!!!

10. 10 Information Sources: Client Focus External to the client’s operation External to the client’s operation Experiences at other clients’ operations Experiences at other clients’ operations Reading, meetings, other vets, etc. Reading, meetings, other vets, etc. VET SCHOOL VET SCHOOL

11. 11 Information Sources: Client Focus Internal to the operation (often overlooked) Internal to the operation (often overlooked) Records Records Observations of animals, facilities and workers Observations of animals, facilities and workers Opinions of farm personnel Opinions of farm personnel Producers’ goals and objectives Producers’ goals and objectives

12. 12 What should you be able do? Solve problems, create opportunities and maintain success Solve problems, create opportunities and maintain success Successful clients/vets: manage all 3 elements Successful clients/vets: manage all 3 elements Unsuccessful clients/vets only solve problems Unsuccessful clients/vets only solve problems Survival of clients Survival of clients Growth Growth Improved Efficiency Improved Efficiency

13. 13 What should you be able do? Process of problem solving Process of problem solving Identification - problems, opportunities Identification - problems, opportunities Record analysis Record analysis “Gumshoe” approach “Gumshoe” approach Formulation - strategy, plan Formulation - strategy, plan Implementation - biggest challenge Implementation - biggest challenge Monitor - records, observations, questions Monitor - records, observations, questions Refine Refine

14. 14 What should you be able to do? Be the pigs’ advocate Be the pigs’ advocate What’s best for the pigs What’s best for the pigs Does NOT exclude consideration of producer’s economic health Does NOT exclude consideration of producer’s economic health Be the producer’s advocate Be the producer’s advocate Avoid conflict of interest Avoid conflict of interest Chain of custody Chain of custody “Standard of practice” “Standard of practice”

15. 15 What should you be able to do? Assess risk Assess risk Risk = consequence x probability Risk = consequence x probability Risk perception Risk perception Perceived risk ≠ assessed risk Perceived risk ≠ assessed risk

16. 16 Slovic, 1987

17. 17 What should you be able to do? Understand financial terms and indicators Understand financial terms and indicators “Equity position” “Equity position” P&L statements P&L statements Net worth reports Net worth reports Cash flow Cash flow

18. 18 Communicate Communicate Ask the right questions Ask the right questions Seek the right information Seek the right information Listen to the client and farm personnel Listen to the client and farm personnel Know when to stop talking Know when to stop talking Present clearly defined recommendations Present clearly defined recommendations Short – usually 1 page max (bullet points) Short – usually 1 page max (bullet points) Take time to communicate Take time to communicate Communicate with enthusiasm Communicate with enthusiasm Your advice is important to the client Your advice is important to the client What should you be able to do?

19. 19 Thought Organization SOAP SOAP S = Subjective S = Subjective O = Objective O = Objective A = Assessment A = Assessment P = Plan P = Plan DAMNIT DAMNIT D = Degenerative D = Degenerative A = Auto-immune, Anomaly A = Auto-immune, Anomaly M = Metabolic M = Metabolic N = Neoplasia N = Neoplasia I = Infectious, Iatrogenic I = Infectious, Iatrogenic T = Toxicity T = Toxicity

20. 20 Thought Organization Five Production Input Model Five Production Input Model 1. Nutrition 2. Environment 3. Disease 4. Genetics 5. Management

21. 21 Thought Organization Five production input model Five production input model 1. Disease - diagnosis, treatment, control Veterinarian’s primary responsibility Veterinarian’s primary responsibility 2. Nutrition - minimally quality control at farm level Feeder adjustment, feed intake monitoring, particle size Feeder adjustment, feed intake monitoring, particle size 3. Genetics - Good luck, confusing area 4. Environment - minimally, problem identification 5. Management - records and PEOPLE (quality control) Husbandry practices Husbandry practices Finances, production and intervention costs Finances, production and intervention costs

22. 22 Fishbone (Venn) Diagram for piglet diarrhea Genetics: Receptors Nutrition: Agalactia Disease: Sanitation Environment: Draft Management: Transferring Piglet Diarrhea

23. 23 Risk Factor Analysis X is associated with Y X is associated with Y WAG or SWAG approach WAG or SWAG approach Mathematical approach: Odds ratio (retrospective) Mathematical approach: Odds ratio (retrospective) Strength and significance of association Strength and significance of association From 2 by 2 table: AD/BC = Odds ratio From 2 by 2 table: AD/BC = Odds ratio Philosophy: recognize limitations of WAG’s Philosophy: recognize limitations of WAG’s Fact: World is becoming more mathematical Fact: World is becoming more mathematical If you are not, you won’t be involved in making decisions in any business If you are not, you won’t be involved in making decisions in any business

24. 24 How should you behave? Necessary behaviors Necessary behaviors Caring Caring Make them feel important Make them feel important Flexible Flexible Understanding Understanding Humble Humble Creative: artistic part of swine practice Creative: artistic part of swine practice Reliable Reliable Knowledgeable Knowledgeable Others: clean, polite, dressed appropriately, early riser? Others: clean, polite, dressed appropriately, early riser?

25. 25 Future of Swine Practice Amount of work is not diminishing Amount of work is not diminishing May be increasing May be increasing New diseases: PCVAD, “agent X”, MRSA, SIV New diseases: PCVAD, “agent X”, MRSA, SIV New management practices: wean-to-finish New management practices: wean-to-finish New objectives: xenotransplantation New objectives: xenotransplantation Less experienced stockpersons Less experienced stockpersons Lack of professionals in other disciplines Lack of professionals in other disciplines

26. 26 Production System Overview

27. 27 Sow Unit Finisher 1 Finisher 2 Nursery MARKETMARKET Isoweans Feeder Pigs Fat Hogs Finishers Fats Market Hogs MARKETMARKET Weaners Basic Flow 8 – 15 lbs 35 – 75 lbs 220 – 290 lbs

28. 28 Three Site Site 1 Site 3 Site 2 Site 1 Site 3 Site 2

29. 29 IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market PigsFat hogs / Fats The BIG Picture Finishers IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats IsoweansWeaners Feeder Pigs Market Pigs Finishers Fat hogs / Fats

30. 30 Swine Production: Phases Breeding Herd: Produces weaned pigs Breeding Herd: Produces weaned pigs Wean-to-estrus: 5 days is normal (4 - 30+) Wean-to-estrus: 5 days is normal (4 - 30+) Gestation: 115 days (3M, 3W, 3D) Gestation: 115 days (3M, 3W, 3D) Lactation: Variable average and range, 16 – 21 days Lactation: Variable average and range, 16 – 21 days Finishing Herd: Produces market pigs or replacements Finishing Herd: Produces market pigs or replacements Nursery: 6-8 weeks Nursery: 6-8 weeks Grow-Finish: After nursery until market usually 16 – 18 weeks Grow-Finish: After nursery until market usually 16 – 18 weeks Birth to market : 3 + 8 + 18 = 29 weeks = 6½ months Birth to market : 3 + 8 + 18 = 29 weeks = 6½ months

31. 31 Breeding/Gestation: Pens

32. 32 Breeding/Gestation: Pens

33. 33 Breeding/Gestation: Pens

34. 34 Breeding/Gestation: Stalls

35. 35 Breeding/Gestation: AI

36. 36 Farrowing

37. 37 Stalls mswelding.com bsagri.com

38. 38 Farrowing

39. 39 Nursery: Small Pens

40. 40 Nursery: Large Pens

41. 41 Finisher: Small Pens

42. 42 Finisher: Large Pens

43. 43 Wean-to-Finish Barns

44. 44 Performance Measures: Growing Pigs ParameterNurseryFinisher Start weight 12# 66# Days in phase 54120 (270#) Daily gain 1.0 1.75 Daily feed 1.6 4.9 Feed:gain 1.6 2.8 Mortality <2.0%<2.0% Culls NA<2.0% Lights NA<4.0%

45. 45 Genetics Overview Females are crossbreds: maximize heterosis Females are crossbreds: maximize heterosis Boars are often purebreds or synthetics Boars are often purebreds or synthetics Phenotype closely reflects genotype Phenotype closely reflects genotype 100% artificial insemination 100% artificial insemination Straight line pyramids Straight line pyramids Great grandparents and grandparent females are pure lines Great grandparents and grandparent females are pure lines Roto-terminal programs Roto-terminal programs Females are made by 2 or 3 breed rotation Females are made by 2 or 3 breed rotation Disease versus genetic implications Disease versus genetic implications

46. 46 Nutrition Overview Young pigs (<25-40 #’s) are fed complex diets Young pigs (<25-40 #’s) are fed complex diets Porcine plasma protein Porcine plasma protein Dried whey, skim mild Dried whey, skim mild Fish meal Fish meal Older pigs are fed simple diets Older pigs are fed simple diets Corn, soybean meal, macro minerals, trace minerals, and vitamins Corn, soybean meal, macro minerals, trace minerals, and vitamins Ad lib versus controlled intake Ad lib versus controlled intake Meal versus pellet form Meal versus pellet form Highest component cost of production Highest component cost of production

47. 47 Facilities Overview Extensive: Outdoors Extensive: Outdoors Pasture or dirt lots Pasture or dirt lots Concrete lots Concrete lots Shelter needed Shelter needed Inexpensive, poor efficiency, high operating costs Inexpensive, poor efficiency, high operating costs Intensive: Indoors (confined) Intensive: Indoors (confined) Pigs kept inside Pigs kept inside Environment is controlled to a point Environment is controlled to a point Expensive, good efficiency, low operating costs Expensive, good efficiency, low operating costs Variable performance: design and stockperson Variable performance: design and stockperson

48. 48 Husbandry Overview Stockperson performance is key to success in any regard: Pig performance, welfare, and food safety Stockperson performance is key to success in any regard: Pig performance, welfare, and food safety Human performance depends on: Human performance depends on: Knowledge and skills - training Knowledge and skills - training Motivation - rewards and encouragement Motivation - rewards and encouragement Job design - often overlooked, stockperson is expected to compensate for poor working conditions Job design - often overlooked, stockperson is expected to compensate for poor working conditions Specific tasks: must be easy and repeatable Specific tasks: must be easy and repeatable KISS approach KISS approach Organization of tasks: difficult part on large farms Organization of tasks: difficult part on large farms

49. 49 Food Safety/Meat Quality Meat quality: taste, color, pH, water holding capacity Meat quality: taste, color, pH, water holding capacity PSS/PSE gene PSS/PSE gene Handling procedures: rest before slaughter Handling procedures: rest before slaughter Antibiotic residues Antibiotic residues US – FDA US – FDA International - MRLs International - MRLs Bacterial contamination Bacterial contamination On-farm versus at the slaughter plant On-farm versus at the slaughter plant Antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance Broken needles and other foreign matter Broken needles and other foreign matter

50. 50 Environmental Issues Waste management Waste management Phosphorus build-up in soils Phosphorus build-up in soils Lagoons versus deep storage Lagoons versus deep storage Ground and surface water contamination Ground and surface water contamination Odor and air emissions Odor and air emissions From facility From facility During manure application During manure application Neighborhood issues Neighborhood issues Traffic Traffic Work force Work force

51. 51 Welfare Issues Stalls for gestating sows currently #1 Stalls for gestating sows currently #1 Stall size (width and length) versus sow size Stall size (width and length) versus sow size Pens: number per pen and space per pen Pens: number per pen and space per pen Other issues include: Other issues include: Farrowing crates for lactating sows Farrowing crates for lactating sows Castration, tail docking, ear notching Castration, tail docking, ear notching Transport Transport Care of disadvantaged pigs Care of disadvantaged pigs

52. 52 Evolving Veterinary Roles More involved in production More involved in production Consulting versus managing Consulting versus managing Holistic approach to animal care Holistic approach to animal care Increasing requirements for auditing production practices with regard to welfare and medication usage Increasing requirements for auditing production practices with regard to welfare and medication usage Auditing versus advising function Auditing versus advising function Will veterinarians specialize into consulting versus auditing? Will veterinarians specialize into consulting versus auditing? Societal expectations Societal expectations

53. 53 System structure impacts cost of production Extensive: LOWER capital investment, LOWER fixed costs, LOWER efficiency, HIGHER variable costs Extensive: LOWER capital investment, LOWER fixed costs, LOWER efficiency, HIGHER variable costs Intensive: HIGHER captial investment, HIGHER fixed costs, HIGHER efficiency, LOWER variable costs Intensive: HIGHER captial investment, HIGHER fixed costs, HIGHER efficiency, LOWER variable costs

54. 54 Extensive production

55. 55 Intensive production

56. 56 “How do you get paid?” Know producer goals Know producer goals Profitability? Profitability? Market niche? Market niche? Taste differentiation Taste differentiation Brand name Brand name Antibiotic free Antibiotic free Adding value to crop operations? Adding value to crop operations?

57. 57

58. 58 A targeted throughput drives most production systems Generally measured not calculated A number Efficiency measures diagnose problems within system Generally calculated rather than measured Subject to definition of equation Percentage, ratio, rate, etc.

59. 59 18 pigs/sow/year 82% conception rate 867 pigs produced 18 pigs/sow/year 82% conception rate 286,761 pigs produced

60. 60 HEALTH_______________________genetics

61. 61 Practical Implications If number of pigs produced declines due to poor efficiency (such as low conception rate), sows are added to herd using additional gestation space to get back up to pigs produced target until conception rate problem is corrected.

62. 62 Mortality Spiral Poor health / throughput Short term fix to throughput Further deterioration of health

63. 63 Practical Implications So, if throughput from sow farm drops, pigs from another source get added at nursery phase If throughput from nursery drops, pigs from another source get added to the group at finisher phase

64. 64 Commingling Adding sources is called “commingling” Commingling requires matched age, matched immune status, identical PRRSV viruses (if positive), matched genetics….a lot like organ donation! Otherwise, commingling adds variation to production

65. 65 Commin- gling

66. 66 Acknowledgements I would like to recognize others for their significant contributions to this presentation: I would like to recognize others for their significant contributions to this presentation: Dr. Brad Thacker Dr. Brad Thacker Dr. Locke Karriker Dr. Locke Karriker