1. To Jesus the Good Shepherd: Open my eyes, that I might see your glorious light. Open my mind, that I may know Your Truth. Open my heart, that I might receive your healing touch. Open my ears, that I might hear you say, “I Love You”. Amen.

2. Announcements Term Papers: Due Tues. Chapter 6 and 7 Exam :Tues. Dec 1 st HW: Read Pp 276-282 (The Great Schism)

3. MLA Single Author: (Bennet 9) Author in Paragraph: (9) Two Authors: (Duke and Howard 8) Organization: (Food and Drug 12) No Author: (“St. Justin” 5) Secondary Source quote: (qtd. in Billings 5) Website: (Hatfield 1) (Catholic Encyclopedia 2)

4. Chapter 7 Iconoclasm, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Great Schism

5. PART I Byzantium

6. Center of religious, political, economic activity Maritime power Key trading center Founded by Constantine the Great

7. Constantinople Surrounded by formidable walls Christian Dedicated under Christian and pagan rites Mortal enemy – Islam

8. The Byzantines Roman in their Laws Greek in their culture Oriental in their habits

9. Byzantine Christianity Missionary activity = National Churches More Christians than in Rome Patriarch/Emperor relationship overshadowed papacy

10. Caesaropapism Temporal ruler extends authority over ecclesiastical and theological matters

11. Justinian I Viewed self as head of Church and State Last great ruler in Roman tradition Advanced architecture, fine arts, and law

12. Hagia Sophia

13. Codex Justinianus Systemization of all Roman Laws Highest achievement in classical legal scholarship Foundation of Canon Law

14. Protection of Freewomen Married to Servile Husbands, c. 530 [Vll.24.i.] “ Since in our times, in which we take great pains for the liberty of our subjects, we consider it ungodly that certain women are cheated of their liberty and, because slavery was introduced against natural liberty by the ferocity of the enemy, and this has been brought about by the depravity of the worst of men, we desire to suspend from henceforth…”

15. Code of Canon Law TITLE VI. DELICTS AGAINST HUMAN LIFE AND FREEDOM (Cann. 1397 - 1398) Can. 1397 A person who commits a homicide or who kidnaps, detains, mutilates, or gravely wounds a person by force or fraud is to be punished with the privations and prohibitions mentioned in can. 1336 Can. 1398 A person who procures a completed abortion incurs a latae sententiae excommunication.

16. Theodora: The Heretic

17. Monophysitim and Justinian Justinian’s wife was sympathetic to heresy Led Justinian to want to reconcile heresy with the Church

18. Emperor Heraclius Asked Church to fund war (Persians) Promised repayment Promised to liberate Jerusalem

19. PART II The Iconoclast Controversy

20. Icons Flat/two- dimensional picture of Christ, the Virgin Mother, or saint Christian Acts of Piety Invitation to prayer

23. Abuse of Icons Common belief: icons had special powers Idolatry

24. Iconoclasts Sought to destroy icons/ purge the practice of icons within the Christian faith

25. First Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III Conversion of Muslims and Jews sought (unity) Icons destroyed to reach goal

26. Emperor Leo III’s Edict Icons = idolatry Condemned by pope and patriarch of Constantinople Persecuted non- adherents

27. St. John of Damascus Defended use of icons (Iconophile) Fount of Wisdom Jesus becoming man gave permission for use of icons

28. St. John of Damascus Why it’s good to have images: “We proclaim [God] also by our senses on all sides, and we sanctify the noblest sense, which is that of sight. The image is a memorial, just what words are to a listening ear. What a book is to those who can read, that an image is to those who cannot read. The image speaks to the sight as words to the ear; it brings us understanding.”

29. Constantine V Iconoclast Tried to gain support of Greek Church Council of Hiereia (against icons)

30. Empress Irene

31. Seventh Ecumenical Council Second Council of Nicaea (787) Veneration of icons accepted Adoration defined = God

32. PART III The Rise of the Carolingians and the Independent Papacy

33. Carolingian Line Pepin the Short Granted Frankish rule by Pope St. Zachary Supported by St. Boniface

34. Establishment of Papal States Pope Stephen: Supported Pepin the Short for Carolingian support Condemned anyone who disobeyed Pepin

35. Charlemagne (R. 769-814) Christian public policy Synods/Council decrees lawfully binding Reformed Clergy, raised money for the Church Missi dominici

36. Charlemagne’s Relationship to the Papacy Defeated the Lombards “Patrician of Rome” Restored Pope Leo III to power

37. Charlemagne Crowned Emperor Crowned by Pope Leo III Germans included in Roman civilization Upset Byzantine Emperors

38. Carolingian Renaissance Combated cultural decay Emphasized education/art Every parish/monastery req. to have a school

39. Alcuin the Carolingian Scholar Biblical/theological texts Latin Grammar Mathematical tracts Tours Bible Revised Roman Lectionary/Gregorian Sacramentary

40. PART IV The Great Schism

41. The final shattering communion between the Eastern and Western Church

42. The great schism Did not happen overnight Began with the founding of Constantinople

43. Timeline : the Great Schism 4 th c. – Constantinople founded 9 th c. – Iconoclasm/Charlemagne 11 th c. – Final split/ attempted excommunication of the pope

44. The Great Schism Not just a theological dispute Distance between East and West Differing views on Church hierarchy

45. Hierarchy Western Christians accepting of pope Eastern Christians minimized papal power

46. Filioque Controversy “and the Son” added to the Creed (Third Council of Toledo) Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept change

47. Why was it rejected? Council of Chalcedon declared that the Creed could not be changed Patriarch upheld this ruling

48. The Photian Schism Patriarch Ignatius refused govt. official Holy Communion Emperor removed Patriarch from position

49. Legates sent sided with emperor (against instructions) Pope excommunicated legates/demanded Ignatius be reinstated

50. Michael Cerularius Appointed as Patriarch (supported Photius) Hated the Catholic Church Opposed Western Church practices Closed Latin Churches Excommunicated the pope

51. Cardinal Humbert Sent to speak with Patriarchs “Either be in communion with Peter or become a synagogue of Satan.” Lacked Diplomatic skills

52. The Actual Schism Cardinal Humbert excommunicates the Patriarch of Constaninople July 1054: Eastern Church declares the Latin Church strayed away from the Faith

53. Today: The Eastern and Western Churches are still working together to end the Schism Pope Benedict XVI has deep desire to end the Schism/ unify both Churches