1. Medical Imaging Mohammad Dawood Department of Computer Science University of Münster Germany

2. 2 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Recap

3. 3 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood X-Ray CT MRI Larmor frequency

4. 4 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Nuclear Medicine

5. 5 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Nuclear medicine Function not Density Oncology/Cancer Heart tissue viability Brain dysfunction epilepsy stroke alzheimer

6. 6 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Radioactivity Bohr’s atomic model

7. 7 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood

8. 8 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Radioactivity Isotopes

9. 9 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Radioactivity 1. α decay 2. β - decay 3. β + decay

10. 10 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood N Z Radioactivity 4. Electron capture 5. γ emission

11. 11 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Radioactive penetration

12. 12 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Radioactivity Law of radioactive decay Law of attenuation

13. 13 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood IsotopHalf life 4H4H9.93696 × 10 −23 Seconds 26 Na1 Second 15 O122 Seconds 18 F110 Minutes 131 I8 Days 137 Cs30 Years 239 Pu24.110 Years 238 U4.468.000.000 Years 232 Th14.050.000.000 Years

14. 14 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Cyclotron

15. 15 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Cyclotron particles passing through the gap are accelerated increase in velocity and mass result in spiral path

16. 16 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Gamma Scintigraphy

17. 17 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Scintigraphy gamma emitters 99 Mo → 99m Tc + β ⁻ + ν e 99m Tc → 99 Tc + γ

18. 18 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Gamma camera principle of anger camera

19. 19 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Collimator

20. 20 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Scintillators Organic crystals, Organic liquids Anorganic crystals,Plastic

21. 21 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Photomultiplier tube

22. 22 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)

23. 23 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood SPECT camera

24. 24 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood SPECT camera Multiple angles 3-6 degrees ca 15-20 sec per angle

25. 25 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood SPECT camera Pinhole SPECT

26. 26 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

27. 27 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood β + -decay Positron (e + ) Neutrino (ν) Electron (e - ) Annihilation p → n + e + + e + + e - → 2 E γ = 511 keV Angle = 180°

28. 28 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Coincidence Unit Sorting Unit Image Reconstruction PET Image Detectors Decay Millions of events are detected during few minutes of PET scan

29. 29 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Detectors

30. 30 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood

31. 31 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood X y X1X1 y1y1 PET Projections

32. 32 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood s PET Projections

33. 33 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Projections from different angels s

34. 34 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Projections from different angels

35. 35 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Projections from different angels

36. 36 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Projections from different angels

37. 37 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Projection sinogram

38. 38 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Positron range

39. 39 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Non-colinearity

40. 40 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Arc correction

41. 41 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Geometric sensitivity is inhomogeneous

42. 42 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Crystal efficiency normalization

43. 43 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Random and Scatter

44. 44 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood PET Scatter

45. 45 Medical Imaging, SS-2011 Mohammad Dawood Coincidence Unit Sorting Unit Image Reconstruction Decay Time of flight PET