1. Health care systems: efficiency and policies
Isabelle Joumard, OECD, Economics Department
“New Directions in Welfare”
OECD Universities’ Joint Congress, 6-8 July 2011

2. Weak link between health care spending and outcomes
Source: OECD Health Data 2010.

3. Presentation outline Measuring health care spending efficiency
Reaping efficiency gains: why (effect on public spending) and how

4. 1. Measuring health care efficiency: difficulties
No obvious definition of health care outcomes and inputs; cross-country data on outcomes are imperfect
A large variety of actors (hospitals, outpatient physicians, drug companies, etc.) and co-ordination matters a great deal
Mix of public and private spending

5. 1. Measuring health care efficiency: OECD approach
Choose an outcome indicator
… and an input indicator
Identify the other determinants
Implement various approaches (panel regressions and DEA) and robustness checks
Complement/compare the overall efficiency index with other performance indicators

6. Life expectancy at birth
Source: Health at a Glance 2009, OECD Indicators.

7. Amenable mortality
Source: Gay et al. (2011), "Mortality Amenable to Health Care in 31 OECD Countries: Estimates and Methodological Issues", OECD Health Working Paper, No. 55.

8. No trade-off between raising equity and the average health status
Health inequity = dispersion (standard deviation) in mortality age (pop>10)
Source: OECD Health Data.

9. Life expectancy at 65, women
Source: Health at a Glance 2009, OECD Indicators.

10. Correlations between outcome measures (level and rank)
Source: Joumard , André and Nicq (2010), "Health Care Systems: Efficiency  and Institutions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 769.

11. Health care spending 2008
Source: OECD Health Data 2010.

12. Practising physicians per 1000 population, 2007
Source: Health at a Glance 2009, OECD Indicators.

13. Remuneration of specialists
Source: OECD Health Data 2010.

14. Remuneration of general practitioners (GPs)
Source: OECD Health Data 2010.

15. Health status determinants
Health care resources
Lifestyle factors: diet, alcohol and tobbaco consumption
Socioeconomic environment: income and education
Pollution

16. DEA – defining the efficiency frontier and potential efficiency gains

17. DEA – results and sensitivity analysis (for different outcome indicators)
Potential gains in life expectancy, years
Potential gains in amenable mortality, %
Source: Joumard , André and Nicq (2010), "Health Care Systems: Efficiency  and Institutions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 769.

18. DEA – results and sensitivity analysis (for different input indicators)
Potential gains in life expectancy, years
Source: Joumard , André and Nicq (2010), "Health Care Systems: Efficiency  and Institutions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 769.

19. Panel regressions – model specification (log form)

20. Panel regressions: contribution of main explanatory variables to cross-country differences in life expectancy
Source: Joumard , André, Nicq and Chatal (2008), "Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources and Efficiency ", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 627.

21. Panel regressions: years of life not explained by the model
Source: Joumard , André, Nicq and Chatal (2008), "Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources and Efficiency ", OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. 627.

22. Comparing efficiency indicators derived from panel regressions and DEA

23. Complementing overall efficiency score by other performance measures -- France
Source: OECD Health Data 2010.

24. 2. Reaping efficiency gains – Large potential savings in public spending
% 2017 GDP
Source: OECD Health Data 2009; OECD calculations.

25. Characterising health care systems: a new set of OECD indicators
Level of basic insurance coverage
Market mechanisms and regulations to steer demand and supply of care affecting users, providers and insurers
Budget and management approaches

26. Characterising health care systems: country groups
Source: Joumard, André and Nicq (2010), "Health Care Systems: Efficiency  and Institutions " , OECD Economics Department Working Papers. No. 769.

27. No health care system clearly outperforms the others  No big-bang reform is warranted
Source: Joumard, André and Nicq (2010), "Health Care Systems: Efficiency  and Institutions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 769.

28. The new set of policy indicators provides guidance
How to reap efficiency gains?
The new set of policy indicators provides guidance
Group 2: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France

29. To conclude
Indicators of health care spending efficiency at the system level can be built and are relatively robust
They can be complemented by indicators of the quality of care and other performance indicators
Exploiting potential efficiency gains would help contain public spending and result in large savings for some countries (on average 2% of GDP by 2017)
No health care model clearly outperforms others. Best practices among pair countries should be identified

30. For more information
OECD (2010), Health Care Systems: Efficiency and Policy Settings.
Joumard, André, Nicq and Chatal (2008), "Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources and Efficiency", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 627.
OECD, Health at a Glance (bi-annual publication).