1. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall User-Centered Website Development: A Human- Computer Interaction Approach

2. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12. Accessibility After studying this chapter you will Be aware of the major barriers to accessing the Web Become familiar with assistive technologies for improving computer access Know the guidelines and high-priority checkpoints from the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative Have been introduced to two recent assistive technologies Become familiar with several ways to evaluate the accessibility of a Web site

3. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The goal “The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect.” Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web

4. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12.2 The Scope of the Challenge In the United States, over 8 million people are blind or visually impaired There were over 20 million deaf and hard of hearing people in the United States in 1994; of these about a million cannot understand any speech Over a quarter of a million Americans have spinal cord injuries About half a million Americans have cerebral palsy A third of a million Americans have multiple sclerosis

5. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The effect of age Physical impairments, minor and major, become more common with the passing years More than half of the population in the United States over the age of 65 has some kind of impairment This is a rapidly growing group; in the year 2000, there were 34.8 million people over 65, a number projected to be 53.7 million by 2020

6. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Where we stand Tim Berners-Lee’s “everyone” is a big challenge People take the issue seriously, and progress is being made The Web can be used by people who: Cannot move their hands—or who have no hands Cannot speak Are blind Are deaf Not always simple, and often expensive so far, but it’s an attainable goal—and the right thing to do

7. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12.3 Issues Involving Vision Range Total blindness Impaired vision Color blindness Photosensitive epilepsy Technologies: Screen readers Braille Descriptive audio Don’t use tables in HTML to control layout; use tags to identify table cells and headers

8. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Screen reader Narrates (reads aloud) the text on the screen Important considerations: HTML must note change in language, e.g., English to Spanish, using the “lang” attribute HTML tables must not be used to control layout: doing so makes the narration difficult to understand HTML tables used to display tabular material need additional markup to make the meaning clear

9. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall One form of Braille, with contractions

10. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Refreshable Braille display

11. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Descriptive audio can make dialog more meaningful to a blind person Straight dialog: Susy: “Run.” John: “What?” Susy: “Go!” John: “Argh!” Dialog with descriptive audio inserted: Descriptive Audio: A large bear enters the campground. Susy sees the bear. Susy: “Run.” John: “What?” Susy: “Go!” Descriptive Audio: John turns and sees the bear. John: “Argh!”

12. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Note “Skip Navigation” at top left

13. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The result of clicking on “Skip Navigation”

14. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall A screen magnifier: the right portion here

15. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Color blindness 8% of the male population There are three kinds, one of which is extremely rare The most common type is deuteranopia, commonly called red/green confusion The following slides show how some colored materials would look to a color blind person, simulated by software from Vischeck, Inc.

16. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Vischeck Thanks to Vischeck, Inc., for permission to use the examples in the next six slides They show what the color images look like to a person with deuteranopia, the most common form of color blindness See vischeck.com for lots of information and for free download of software

17. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Do you prefer red peppers or green peppers? How would you pick?

18. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall What is a green salad?

19. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall A color wheel, to the color blind

20. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall How do traffic lights look to a color blind driver? So: learn that red is always on top Always? Are you sure?

21. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Is red on the right or left? Did you get it right? Are you sure we got it right, or is the red sometimes on the other side?

22. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The worst

23. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Photosensitive epilepsy Also called photo convulsions Not everyone is affected, but a serious issue for those who are susceptible Can be triggered by flashing lights in the range of 4-59 times per second Worst at about 20 times a second Never use flashing text At least annoying to everybody Many people completely tune out the content A serious health hazard to some

24. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12.4 Issues Involving Mobility Impairment As applies here: any conditions that affects a person’s ability to use keyboard and mouse Can be caused by: Diseases: arthritis, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis Stroke Injury Loss of limb Repetitive strain injury Natural aging processes

25. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Assistive technologies available in Windows StickyKeys permits one-finger typing Press Shift, Ctrl, or Alt followed by another key, rather than pressing two keys at same time FilterKeys helpful for people with hand tremors or problems with fine-motor control Ignores brief or repeated keystrokes MouseKeys permits moving pointer with the numeric keypad SerialKey permits access, via serial port or USB port, to alternatives for mouse and keyboard functions Foot mouse Sip-and-puff mouse

26. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Predictive typing

27. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” –Dickens

28. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The Eyegaze TM system

29. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Eyegaze ® A video camera tracks eye movement as the user looks at an on-screen keyboard Customizable as to how long a key must be looked at to be recorded When system has identified the key looked at, the symbol appears and the user looks at next key

30. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Sample text and timing “There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.” -- Shakespeare, Julius Caesar 18 words, “typed” by looking the screen, in a little over three minutes, after very little practice That’s five words per minute Experienced users do ten words per minute Young children can go faster... but if I were a quadriplegic kept alive by a breathing tube, ten words a minutes would be a blessing from heaven.

31. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12.5 Issues Involving Hearing Impairment Deafness Hard of hearing; can be helped by hearing aids Can be caused by prolonged exposure to noisy environments Hearing often degrades with age

32. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Closed captioning

33. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall The American Sign Language (ASL) Project at DePaul University “Our goal is to translate English to American Sign Language, the language of the Deaf in North America.” ASL is the fourth most-used language in the United States Certain signs represent complete words or phrases A manual alphabet is used to “finger-spell” words before signs for them have been created

34. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall An avatar signs from English text See asl.cs.depaul.edu for more information and a demo. The project is led by Dr. Rosalee Wolfe.

35. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 12.5 The Web Accessibility Initiative The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is committed to promoting usability for people with disabilities The goal: Universal access. Everyone. Must take into account user agents other than browsers: mobile phones, PDAs, screen readers and magnifiers, etc. Not easy; not free It’s simply the right thing to do

36. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content Don't rely on color alone Use markup and style sheets and do so properly Clarify natural language usage Create tables that transform gracefully Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes

37. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Accessibility Guidelines, Continued Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user interfaces Design for device-independence Use interim solutions Use W3C technologies and guidelines Provide context and orientation information Provide clear navigation mechanisms Ensure that documents are clear and simple

38. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Evaluating for accessibility Manual checking: how does site work with: Images and Java turned off Sound turned off Larger than normal font sizes Small screen size Black and white display Without a mouse Look at pages with a text browser such as Lynx or a voice browser such as IBM’s Home Page Reader

39. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Evaluating for accessibility, continued Check with a semi-automatic accessibility checker: Wave Bobby A-prompt (See text for URLs) “Semi”-automatic because some things are matters of judgment Syntax check HTML through W3C validators Do user testing

40. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Some closing thoughts If you live with any of the issues discussed in this chapter, consider... Sharing with your classmates what the experience is like, from your standpoint Explain anything that other people do, unthinkingly, that you find irritating Explain the differences, as you experience them, between the words impaired, handicapped, disabled, challenged, differently-abled, and any others that you encounter Are any of them offensive to you? If so, explain why, and what you prefer

41. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall A few experiments, to try to understand what others experience With StickyKeys: Put tape on the fingers of one hand, so that you can use only one finger. Sit on your other hand. Type a term paper. Put a coffee-stirrer stick, or the like, between your teeth. Sit on both hands. Type a paper. With a screen magnifier: Get some cheap dark glasses, smear something greasy on them so that you can’t read small type. Browse the Web, looking for a book. With a screen narrator: Turn off the monitor. Now you are in a blind person’s seat. Buy a book at Amazon.com.

42. Chapter 12: AccessibilityCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Summary In this chapter you learned: That the Web should be accessible to all The scope of the need The challenges and the technology for: Vision issues Mobility issues Hearing issues Two assistive technologies impossible without computers The DePaul American Sign Language Project The Eyegaze system Checking for accessibility

43. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13. Globalization After studying this chapter you will be aware of: The differences between internationalization and localization Two approaches to text translation Cultural considerations that extend beyond language Screen layout guidelines to accommodate globalization Tips for testing with international users

44. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13.2 Internationalization and Localization Internationalization: identify and isolate culture- specific items that appear on the site: Text Numbers Dates Colors Localization: translate textual content—or create new content—relevant to a particular location

45. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13.3 Text Considerations Translation: either Use human translators exclusively Use semiautomatic translation with human oversight In either case: Avoid jargon and slang, which translate poorly Avoid sports metaphors Fully automatic machine translation is not a viable option—see next slides

46. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Don’t use machine translation alone, without human oversight and editing What the sports writer said: “Jones walked, stole second, and scored on Smith's bloop single to center.” Machine translated into Spanish: “Jones caminó, hurtó en segundo lugar, y que rayó en bloop de Smith solo centrar. Now machine translated the Spanish back to English: “Jones walked, stole in second place, and that scraped in bloop of Smith alone to center.”

47. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall It gets better From English to French and back: “Jones walked, flew the second, and marked on the alone of bloop of Smith to center.” From English to Japanese and back: “As for Jones, being recorded by the stall and the center with single Smith's bloop, the second in walking.” From English to Chinese and back: “Jones next walked, the female uses the shawl, with scoring in Smith's bloop only to center.”

48. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall In fairness... Idioms are difficult for a human translator The original English means little to a person who is not a baseball fan Natural language—human language—is extremely complex In some cases, it may save time to start with the machine translation and let a person clean it up Some areas, such as medical reports, have a standard vocabulary that can be built into the translation dictionary, and machine translation may work better

49. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Make format of dates unambiguous In the United States, a date like 5/2/41 means May 2, 1941; in much of the rest of the world it means February 5, 1941. Globalization cannot work with such ambiguity. Make clear what is meant, as below.

50. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall In expressing times Use a 24-hour clock instead of A.M. and P.M. State time zone, or state that the time is GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

51. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Numbers In expressing currency, include: The country The numeric amount The appropriate currency symbol In giving sizes, state units: Inches, feet, pounds, quarts, etc.—the so-called English system (which is not used in England) Meters, centimeters, grams, liters, etc.—the metric system (which is used in England)

52. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Cultural differences in use of language Americans, as a rule, prefer direct statements: “Buy Now!” That would be quite rude in Japan Therefore the translator must be a person who has lived in the country of the target language, and preferably be a native speaker Translator must know the subject area; “menu” on a computer window might become “list of food items”

53. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Languages read fine if the proper character encoding is specified

54. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Without character encoding specified...

55. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Give language choice in the target language

56. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13.4 Color, Icons, and Images On color, see tables in text for: The great variation in the meaning of color in various cultures The fact that the experts on this subject don’t agree Get local expert advice Favorite example: brides in the United States wear white—which would be unthinkable in China, where white is the color of death

57. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Icons Don’t! Common gestures in the United States have wildly different meanings in other parts of the world Simple gestures having no particular meaning in one culture may be highly offensive in another It sometimes seems that just about any gesture is obscene or threatening, somewhere in the world If you must use gestures, do user testing in the target culture

58. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall What does this gesture mean? “Everything is great!” “You are worthless!” (zero) “You are an indelicate sphincter!” “Your car needs new piston rings!” Any of the above, somewhere

59. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13.5 Formatting and Page-Layout Considerations Punctuation In France: 1.234,56 In the United States: 1,234.56 Same quantity intended Addresses Forcing international users to supply a state and ZIP code is confusing and/or insulting Many, many other similar considerations

60. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Reading direction of the target language Page layout should match the reading direction Left alignment in a left-to-right language Right alignment in a right-to-left language

61. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Page in a left-to-right language

62. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Same page in a right-to-left language

63. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Common English words have longer equivalents in other European languages; allow more space SpanishFrenchGerman NewsNoticiasActualitésNachrichten ExitSalirQuitterVerlassen Sign In1. LoginIdentifiez-vousMelden Sie sich 2. Validación de Clave 3. Identifícate PrintImprimirImprimerDrucken BuyCompraAchetezEinkaufen NextSiguienteSuivantForward FileArchivoFichierDatei

64. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall 13.6 User Testing Identify people living in the target locale to help recruit users, schedule tests, and find translators Localize the test: Test scenarios Introduction Informed-consent document Conduct the testing in the target language Allow more time for testing

65. Chapter 13: GlobalizationCopyright © 2004 by Prentice Hall Summary In this chapter you learned about: The differences between internationalization and localization Two approaches to text translation—and don’t use machine translation alone Cultural considerations that extend beyond language Screen layout guidelines to accommodate globalization Tips for testing with international users