1. Advanced Pump Fundamentals Agenda
Introduction
Centrifugal and PD Pump Basic Fundamentals
Pump Construction Fundamentals
Bearing and Bearing Reliability
Pump Performance Curves
System Curves
Changing Pump Conditions
Pump Affinity Laws

2. Advanced Pump Fundamentals Agenda (contd.)
Parallel and Series Pump Operations
Fixed and Variable Speed Operations
Maintenance Checks
Why do pumps fail?
Troubleshooting Pumps
Final Exam and Course Critique

3. Centrifugal and PD Pumps Basics

4. Kinetic Pump Tree

5. Classification of Pumps
Centrifugal or Kinetic Pumps
Pressure creating device
Converts velocity energy (Kinetic Energy) to Pressure Energy (Flow Work)
Flow depends upon system characteristics

6. Classifications of Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Flow creating device
Fixed volume of fluid delivered per
rotation
Pressure developed dependent upon system characteristics

7. PUMP TYPES CENTRIFUGAL OR KINETIC PUMPS VOLUTE PUMPS MIXED FLOW
AXIAL FLOW
RADIAL FLOW

8. PUMP TYPES CENTRIFUGAL OR KINETIC PUMPS DIFFUSER PUMPS
VERTICAL TURBINE
HORIZONTAL

9. PUMP TYPES CONCENTRIC VOLUTE PUMPS REGENERATED TURBINE HIGH SPEED
RADIAL VANE
RECESSED IMPELLER

10. PUMP TYPES POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS RECIPROCATING PUMPS PLUNGER
PISTON
DIAPHRAGM

11. PUMP TYPES POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS ROTARY PUMPS PROGRESSING CAVITY
SLIDE VANE
LOBE
GEAR
SCREW
PERISTALTIC

12. Positive Displacement Pump: Progressing Cavity

13. Positive Displacement Pump: Progressing Cavity
Disadvantages
Can’t Run Dry
Length of Pump
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Non-Pulsating Flow
Pressure
Solids Laden Fluids
Abrasive Fluids
Handles High Viscosity Applications
Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids
Runs in Either Direction
Accurate Repeatable Flow
Open Throat

14. Positive Displacement Pump: Vane
Advantages:
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Run Dry Short Time
Handles High Viscosities
Handles Abrasive Fluids
Handles Shear Sensitive Fluids
Self Adjusting Vanes - For Performance
Disadvantages:
Solids
Pressure Capabilities
Material Limitations

15. Positive Displacement Pump: Lobe or Cam
Advantages:
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Run in Either Direction
Handles High Viscosities
Accurate Repeatable Flow
Run Dry for a Short Time
Disadvantages:
Abrasion Resistance
Pressure Capabilities
Stuffing Box
Jamming
Pump Efficiency
Non-Pulsating Flow

16. Positive Displacement Pump: Gear
Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Non-Pulsating Flow
Run Dry for a Short Time
High Temperature
Disadvantages
Pressure
Solids
Abrasion
High Shear
Viscosity

17. Positive Displacement Pump: Screw

18. Peristaltic Pumps Positive displacement type Pulse-type Advantages
Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Handles “Difficult” Fluids
Reversible
Can Run Dry
No Seals
Disadvantages
Pressure
Abrasion
Temperatures
Short Hose Life
Pulsation
Drive Options
High HP Requirement

19. Diaphragm Pump Component Locations

20. How It Works

21. Air Diaphragm Pumps Advantages Self-Priming/Suction Lift
Ability to Vary Capacity
Handles Abrasive and Suspended solids
Handles Viscous Fluids
Run Dry
Length of Pump
No Seals or Packing
Closes Discharge
Submersible
No Efficiency Loss Due to Wear
Disadvantages
Pressure
Noise
Pulsation
Icing
Power Consumption

22. Short Quiz
Name at least three positive displacement pumps:__________, __________, _________.
What are the three types of centrifugal pumps? __________, _________, _________.

23. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THEORY

24. Kinetic (Dynamic) Pumps
Used for low-pressure, high flow rate applications
Little use in fluid power
Used to transfer fluids
Three main types:
Centrifugal
Axial
Mixed flow

25. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THEORY
- Centrifugal pumps add pressure (energy) to a liquid by increasing the liquid’s velocity through centrifugal force
- Liquid is drawn into pump through suction nozzle, A, the impeller eye, B, is the lowest pressure point in the pump. As fluid enters the eye it is moved towards the pump perimeter by centrifugal force. The fluid is picked up by the impeller vanes, C, and accelerated in the direction of rotation. As fluid leaves the impeller its velocity approaches that of the impeller vane tip.

26. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP THEORY
- The casing, D, is expanding volute design. As liquid moves from the impeller to the pump case, the velocity energy is converted to pressure energy. As the high pressure liquid approaches the discharge nozzle, E, it is directed through the discharge by the cutwater.

27. Kinetic Pumps: Centrifugal

28. Kinetic Pumps: Axial

29. Kinetic Pumps: Mixed Flow

30. Short Quiz
What are the two physical components mainly responsible for converting kinetic (velocity) energy into pressure energy in a centrifugal pump? __________, __________.

31. PRESSURE Force exerted per unit area
When applied to a fluid, the pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions
Usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi), or kiloNewton per square meter (kPa).

32. Atmospheric Pressure
The force exerted on a unit area by the weight of the atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi, at 60 °F
Also expressed as 29.9 inches of mercury (Hg), and 34 feet of water.

33. Gauge Pressure - PSIG
The difference between a given pressure and that of the atmosphere
Absolute = Gage + Atmospheric*
psia = psig psia
*14.7 psia at sea level

34. Pressure Scale

35. Vacuum Pressure below atmospheric
Usually expressed in inches of mercury, in Hg

36. Short Quiz Define gage pressure:__________________.
True or False: Vacuum pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure:__________________.

37. Pump Pressures Suction Pressure Discharge Pressure
The actual pressure, positive or negative at the pump suction nozzle as measured by a pressure gauge
Discharge Pressure
The actual pressure at the pump discharge nozzle as measured by a pressure gauge
Equal to pump suction pressure plus the total developed head of the pump (PD = PS + DP; where DP = hA*g; hA = pump head)

38. Pump Pressures Stuffing Box Pressure:
The pressure acting on the stuffing box which must be sealed
Function of pump impeller design and the presence or condition of wear rings

39. Pump Pressures

40. Impeller Design and Stuffing Box Pressure
Open impeller with back pump out vanes
Stuffing box pressure = suction + 25% developed*
Enclosed impeller with balanced holes
Stuffing box pressure = suction + 10% developed *
Double suction impellers
Stuffing box pressure = suction pressure
* Developed pressure = Discharge-Suction (Pressure)
Note: These equations are approximations, and are effected by the physical conditions of the pump

41. Short Quiz Define stuffing box pressure:_____________.
True or False: Suction pressure is always greater than discharge pressure:___________.

42. Specific Gravity
Ratio of a liquids density to that of water at sea level, 60° F and 14.7 PSIA
Water has a specific gravity of 1.0
SG = r/rwater; r= density
Specific gravity of a liquid affects pressure relative to its height
DP (pressure at low point – pressure at high point) = g*h
r= r*g; h=fluid height
Specific gravity affects pump horsepower requirements in direct relation to pressure and capacity
Denser fluids require greater pump horsepower

43. Pressure-Elevation Relationship
Valid for homogeneous fluids at rest (static)
P2 = Patm + rgh
Free Surface
Free Surface P2 P1
P1 > P2

44. Specific Gravity

45. Short Quiz
If the density of water is 1,000 kg/m3 and cooking oil’s is 800 kg/m3, find/determine:
a) Specific gravity of cooking oil:______________.
b) Will water be on top of cooking oil, or the other way around? Why?________________________.
True or False: Specific gravity has no impact on pump horsepower:__________________.