1. animals singer’s conclusions

2. definitions Something is a human iff it is a homo sapien. Something is a person iff it is a self- conscious, rational being (or has the potential to be one).

3. goals Argue against the view that humans have special value. Argue for the view that persons have special value. Argue that we must radically change the way we think about and act toward certain humans and certain animals.

4. utilitarianism (Classical) Utilitariansim: The only thing of intrinsic value is pleasure (happiness) and the only thing of intrinsic disvalue is pain (unhappiness). An act is right iff it maximizes the overall ratio of pleasure to pain. Preference Utilitarianism: The only thing of intrinsic value is desire-satisfaction and the only thing of intrinsic disvalue is desire- frustration. An act is right iff it maximizes the overall ratio of satisfaction to frustration.