2. The biology of plants

3. I. The Plant Cell PS: CO 2 + organelles H2OH2OC 6 H 12 O 6 +O2O2 Light Energy RS:C 6 H 12 O 6 +O2O2 CO 2 +H2OH2O ATP Chloroplast Mitochondrion The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of respiration Glucose

4. The cell wall 1. Primary cell wall carbohydrate polysaccharide Lignin 2. Secondary cell wall Hardwoods/ softwoods

5. How a plant grows shoot root Apical meristem Zone of cell division Zone of cell division Zone of elongation Zone of elongation Zone of maturation Zone of maturation

6. II. Stems Definitions: cells, tissues, organs Shoot system Root system 1. Herbaceous dicot 2. Monocot 3. Woody 3 basic tissue patterns 3 major vegetative organs

7. herbaceous dicot tissues herbaceous dicot tissues dermal ground (cortex and pith) vascular (xylem and phloem) epidermis cuticle Vascular bundle

8. 2 categories of tissues 2 categories of tissues Meristematic tissues 1. Apical meristem (1 0 growth) 3. Intercalary meristems 2. Lateral meristems (2 0 growth) a. vascular cambium: 2 0 xylem and 2 0 phloem b. cork cambium: cork

9. Apical Bud

10. Non-meristematic tissues 1. Simple tissues: one cell type 1 0 cell walls a. parenchyma b. collenchyma fibers sclerids 1 0 and 2 0 cell walls c. sclerenchyma

11. 2. Complex tissues: mixed cell types Non-meristematic tissues Cork = outer bark 2 0 xylem = wood 2 0 phloem = inner bark Vascular cambium: 1 0 xylem 1 0 phloem

12. Origin of tissues Apical meristem (shoot) parenchyma collenchyma vascular cambium 2 0 xylem 2 0 phloem lots of cells cork cambium outer bark 1 0 xylem 1 0 phloem sclerenchyma

14. Wood: woody dicots and conifers Development of vascular cambium Cork cambium

15. Other features of wood Other features of wood 1. sapwood and heartwood 2. vascular rays 3. growth rings

16. Monocot stems Monocot stems

18. III. Roots Functions Absorb water and minerals Anchor Monocots versus dicots Herbaceous Root systems 1. fibrous root systems 2. tap root systems Storage Different strategies

19. Inside roots Inside roots A. Primary tissues 1. epidermis 2. cortex 3. vascular tissues 4. endodermis 5. pericycle B. Secondary tissues

20. Pericycle Pericycle

22. IV. Leaves A. Function B. Anatomy of a leaf 1. blades and petioles 2. leaf types CO 2 +H2OH2O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 light energy chloroplasts/ chlorophyll blade petiole Simple leaf Compound leaf leaflets

23. C. Leaves of grass Evolutionary pressures: fire herbivory mowing Intercalary meristems

24. D. Conifer leaves Western white pine Western redcedar Douglas fir epidermis sunken stomata thick mesophyll endodermis hypodermis Waxy cuticle

25. Inside leaves A. Cellular organization 1. epidermis 2. mesophyll: two parts a- palisade cells b- spongy cells 3. veins: phloem and xylem B. Water loss- cuticles cuticle

26. Stomata

28. Photosynthesis I. Preview of photosynthesis II. Photosynthetic reactions III. Light dependent reactions IV. Light independent reactions V. Summary of events and importance of photosynthesis 6CO 2 +6H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Light energy

29. Capturing of light: chlorophyll 2H 2 O 4H + + 4e - + O 2 Production of ATP Photophosphorylation ATP synthase Light Dependent Reactions

30. Light independent reactions Rubisco Glucose CO 2 Fixation

31. C3, C4, and CAM plants C3 C4 CAM

32. primary producers Summary of events and importance of photosynthesis PS: CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Light Energy RS: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O ATP

34. Plant reproduction I. Flowers A. Pollen grains and ovules B. Reproduction in general C. Flower parts D. Flower characteristics II. Fertilization A. Pollination B. Double fertilization III. Seeds and fruits A. Anatomy of a seed B. Seed dispersal C. Fruit formation D. Fruit types

35. I. Flowers A. Pollen grains and ovules B. Reproduction in general 7 cells, 8 nucleiovary ovules haploid (1n) versus diploid (2n) egg central cell

36. C. Flower parts (carpel) (1n) (2n) sepals/calyx /corolla peduncle

37. II. Fertilization A.Pollination 1. Definition 2. Barriers to self pollination 3. Attraction and rewards Barriers to self pollination time of maturation genetic differences nectar guides mimic high

38. A. Pollination 4. types animal self buzz wind Out crossing In breeding

39. B. Double fertilization pollen pollen tube endosperm embryo ovule

40. I. Seed germination A. Seed dormancy B. Stages in germination 1. imbibition 2. break down of starch 3. radicle, plummule, cotyledons C. Other germination requirements fire acid cold Three basic conditions 1. proper temperature 2. proper moisture 3. aeration

41. D. Early development radicle root apex shoot apex cotyledons

42. III. Seeds and fruits A. Anatomy of a seed Monocots versus dicots micropyle hilum

43. B. Seed dispersal

44. C. Fruit formation exocarp mesocarp endocarp pericarp

45. Fruit typeOrigin Simple Single ovary 1. berry Examples Other Many seeds Fleshy endo 2. drupe One seed Stony endo 3. pome Many seeds Papery endo D. Edible fruit types a. hesperidium Juice sacs Leathery exo b. pepo Many seeds Inseparable exo Aggregate Many ovaries Same flower Many fused fruits Multiple Many ovaries Many flowers

46. The end