2.  Centralized Government  Constant warfare, forced Philip to borrow money and go bankrupt twice

3.  A ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with the nobles, common people, or their representatives.

4.  A belief that the monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

5.  A fleet of over 130 ship built by Philip II to invade England because of : England’s Aid to the Dutch + Wanted to spread Catholicism

6.  Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain  Acquired Silver and gold flowed from American colonies

7.  Charles V’s brother Ferdinand

8.  1598  Issued by Henry IV  Granted the Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities

9.  Sought to destroy the Huguenots and the Nobility two groups that did not bow to royal authority  Created reason of the state

10.  French Protestant

11.  To display wealth  Control the nobility

12.  August 24 th, 1572  Bloody event was the massacre of almost 70,000 Huguenots at the hand of Catherine de’Medici at her daughter’s wedding (a wedding of a Catholic and a Protestant)

13.  Louis XIV of France, one of the best examples of an absolute monarch

14.  Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

15.  Major ritual  “rising”  Nobles were a threat to the power of the monarchy, turned them into courtiers fighting for privileges rather than battling for power

16.  Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.  1519 Became head of the Holy Roman Empire, acquiring Italy, Austria, various German states  Attempted to make all of Europe Catholic

17.  Painter Brought Renaissance Italy’s ideas to Spain Portraits of Spanish nobles Dramatic views of the city of Toledo

18.  To rule absolutely and to be in charge of anything and everything pertaining to Louis XIV’s France.

19.  Author of the first modern novel, Don Quixote