1. Introduction to Engineering Design
William Oakes, P.E.

2. Learning Objectives At the end of this session, you will be able to:
Describe design
List at least three steps in the EPICS design process
Identify resources to help with design

3. Design is… One of the activities of engineering. Design Development
Research
Test
Analysis
Production
Sales
Technical Support
Other
Source: Oakes, Leone, and Gunn (2004). Engineering Your Future. Okemos, MI: Great Lakes Press.

4. Many definitions of design…
Design is art
Design as problem solving
Design activity as applying scientific knowledge
Design is a social process in which individual object worlds interact, and design parameters are negotiated.
Source: Dr. Robin Adams ENE 696G course notes

5. Crismond (2007) draws from many sources in his definition of design as “’goal-directed problem-solving activity’ (Archer, 1965) that initiates change in human-made things (Jones, 1992), and involves optimizing parameters (Matchett, 1968) and the balancing of trade-offs (AAAS, 2001) to meet targeted users needs (Gregory, 1966).”
Source: Crismond, D. (2007). Contrasting strategies of beginning and informed designers: One representation of learning progressions in engineering design.

6. =====> The Design Process Design is done by many disciplines
Few Specifications
Many Specifications
Design Process
Infinite Variety of Designs
Most -----Least Influential Choices
One Design
=====>
Design is done by many disciplines

7. Multiple Valid Solutions
Examples:
Cell phones and Computers

8. Multiple Valid Solutions
Examples:
Car models
Aircraft Engines
Spinner cone design optimizing on aerodynamics, inlet flow characteristics and ice shedding

9. EPICS Balance Service Learning
Service-learning is a balance of the learning of design and the service we contribute the communities through completed designs and support
Service
To our partners, meeting needs in the community
Learning
Becoming good designers, professionals & active citizens
Complimentary goals that enhance each other

10. Many formal models for the design process
ME uses Ullman’s Model for Design
The Mechanical Design Process, McGraw Hill, 1997, 2003
6 steps
Engineering Your Future
10 steps
Different Companies use different models
They use a process
EPICS teaches a model that fits our community-based design

11. EPICS Design Process Six Phases Problem Identification
Specification Development
Conceptual Design
Detailed Design
Production
Service/Maintenance
Redesign or retirement

12. The EPICS Design Cycle Problem Identification Specification
Development
Detailed Design
Production
Service
Maintenance
Redesign
Retirement
Problem Identification
Conceptual
Design
Disposal

13. Take your list of service projects and share them in a small group
Categorize them into “design” and “not design” Be prepared to share you lists!

14. The EPICS Design Cycle Problem Identification Specification
Development
Detailed Design
Production
Service
Maintenance
Redesign
Retirement
Problem Identification
Conceptual
Design
Disposal

15. Human-Centered Design
Interactions with Stakeholders
Prototypes/communications at all stages

16. EPICS Design Process Six Phases Problem Identification
Specification Development
Conceptual Design
Detailed Design
Production
Service/Maintenance
Redesign or retirement

17. Problem Identification
Tasks –
Identify problem
Determine project objectives
Determine motivation for project
Identify outcomes or deliverables
Determine duration of the project
Identify community partner contact
Deliverables - Project Charter

18. Example….Project Identification Phase
One of the deliverables is the Project Charter
Description – Describe and summarize what you or your team will be doing.
E.g., What is the problem that you will be solving and for whom?
Objectives- List the project objectives.
E.g., Why are you doing the project (i.e., what is the motivation or desired need for the project?)

19. Project Charter, continued
Outcomes or deliverables
E.g., What are going to be the project results?
Duration
E.g., When will the project be started, and when will it meet the objectives and deliver the outcomes?
Community Partners
E.g., With whom are you serving on this project?
Stakeholders
E.g., Who will be affected by your project other than your customer?

20. Specification Development
Tasks
Complete users and beneficiaries analysis
Define the customer requirements
Evaluate design constraints
Develop engineering specifications
Compare to benchmark products (prior art)
Determine design targets

21. Specification Development
Deliverables-
Project Specification Document
Measureable specifications
Mock-ups or rough prototypes to help narrow the specifications
Interacting with the community partner
User-centered, human-centered

22. Conceptual Design Task Complete Functional Decomposition of project
Complete Decision Matrix of requirements
Define how users will interact with project
Interacting with users and potential users
Mock-ups and prototypes to test concepts
Analyze/evaluate potential solutions
Interacting with community partner (users)
Choose best solution(s)

23. Conceptual Design Deliverables- Project Conceptual Design Report
Systems level design
Details need to be designed
Sketch/mock-up/prototype demonstrates concept

24. Detailed Design
Tasks
Complete top down specification/ bottom-up implementation
Define components and freeze interfaces
Analysis/evaluation of project, sub-modules and/or components
More detailed prototyping/proof-of-concept of project,
sub-modules and/or components
Field test prototype/get feedback from users
Complete DFMEA analysis of project
Determine what user training is necessary

25. Detailed Design Deliverables Project Detailed Design Report
Full details of all parts
Dimensions, sizes, all details
Documentation of all parts
Full prototype version of project

26. Production Phase Tasks Deliverables
Complete production version of the project
Ready for the field and to be use by people
Complete user manuals/training material
Complete delivery review
Deliverables
Delivered project
Project Delivery Report
Delivery checklist
User manuals

27. Service/Maintenance Phase
Tasks
Evaluate performance of fielded project
Determine what resources are necessary to support and maintain the project
Deliverables
Fielded Project Report
Redesign or Retirement Decisions

28. The EPICS Design Cycle Problem Identification Specification
Development
Detailed Design
Production
Service
Maintenance
Redesign
Retirement
Problem Identification
Conceptual
Design
Disposal

29. Iterations in the Design Process
Specification
Development
Detailed Design
Production
Service
Maintenance
Redesign
Retirement
Problem Identification
Conceptual
Design
Disposal

30. Iteration and Test Back to previous phase Go to next phase Generate
Ideas
Define Measurable Specifications
Implement
Test
Generate
Ideas
Define Measurable Specifications
Implement
Test

31. Iteration and testing Document Why advanced Why interated Prob ID
Spec Dev
Con Des
Det Des
Prod
Main and serv.
Document
Why advanced
Why interated

32. Human-Centered Design
Tests are often done with stakeholders during the design process

33. Curriculum Diagram Figure 1 (DRAFT skeleton): EPICS Design Model
Exit 1: Problem Identification Rd.
Exit 2: Specification Development Ave Road
Exit 4: Detailed Design St.
Exit 7: Retirement Rd.

34. Seeking and Selecting Diverge Seek Possibilities Problem
Identification
Converge
Narrow Choices
Diverge
Seek Possibilities
Specification
Development
Converge
Narrow Choices
Diverge
Seek Possibilities
Conceptual Design
Converge
Narrow Choices
Each phase of the design process requires creative solutions and has a divergent component where ideas are sought and a convergent component where options are selected

35. Why is design difficult?
Engages different types of thinking
Requires designers to manage so many ideas and aspects
Addresses different types of problems

36. Good design… Good designs involve diverse perspectives and expertise
IDEO – industry leader in design and innovation
Design thinking is a crucial business asset—one that can, indeed, move a company forward and improve the bottom line. To optimize this impact, (we) advise thoughtfully structuring the innovation process. They stress working on projects that improve people’s lives..
- Ryan Jacoby and Diego Rodriguez, Innovation, Growth, and Getting to Where You Want to Go, Design Management Review Vol. 18 No. 1