1. Weather Station Project Wind Speed Wind Direction Temperature Light/Dark Sensor 1

2. Anemometer Design Anemometer consists of four horizontal arms with cups on the end. The arms are at right angle and they are joined in the middle at a single point that rests on a vertical pivot fixed on a motor. When the wind blows, it pushes the cups and causes the horizontal arms to rotate. The cups must face the same direction, and they will provide the maximum torque when they are positioned at 45-degree angles to the wind flow. By measuring the rate at which the anemometer rotates, the wind speed may be calculated. MATERIAL USED o 4 small paper cups (like drinking cups) o A wooden fan four arms o A dc motor 12V o Plastic and wooden supporters o Battery 9V o Opamp mod Lm3900N o 3 resistor 1Ω o 1 resistor 12Ω o Breadboard 2 Breadboard Connection Wind Speed Km/h Dc Motor mV Lm3900N V Fx2N4AD Counts Fx2N Digits Computer net Anemometer Construction

3. Anemometer Results 3

4. Anemometer Conclusions 4 Main Conclusions Get voltage values good enough to be converted in digit and fed into a weather website We decided to give it a gain of 4. The Lm3900N in the non inverting amplifier connection gives A=R2/R1+1 (than R1=12Ω, R2=3Ω). The calibration of the instrument was the hardest part. These due to the fact that we need to take measurements in a not winding day. After the first results we realize that the system was reliable but not able to catch wind with velocity lower than 20km/h. Than to improve it, we have changed the motor with one with less friction; also we have chosen cups of bigger size. Main Conclusions Get voltage values good enough to be converted in digit and fed into a weather website We decided to give it a gain of 4. The Lm3900N in the non inverting amplifier connection gives A=R2/R1+1 (than R1=12Ω, R2=3Ω). The calibration of the instrument was the hardest part. These due to the fact that we need to take measurements in a not winding day. After the first results we realize that the system was reliable but not able to catch wind with velocity lower than 20km/h. Than to improve it, we have changed the motor with one with less friction; also we have chosen cups of bigger size. Test of the Device

5. Wind Direction Sensor Design For this instrument we decided to show wind direction in its 8 most uses directions, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. The design of the instrument is quite simple, each directional point has its own resistive circuit which all connect to a common single resistor across which the voltage is measured to give us our direction. It is essentially a voltage divider circuit. We divided our 10V supply voltage by 8 (No. Of directions) and chose resistor values for each directional circuit in order to scale our voltage output evenly across 8 steps (as can be seen in the table below). 5 Direction Contacts AD MODULE PLC WIND VANE PYTHON MySQL APACHE WEB SERVER INTERNET EXPLORER

6. Wind Direction Sensor Design The device is fed by a 10V DC supply through the directional arrow’s shaft and on to the direction contacts sticking up from its box, and according to what direction the wind is blowing a different voltage output is generated. The directional arrow can only be in contact with one circuit at a time so as not to give a false reading. It is based on the more complicated vane that measures wind direction in 360 degree format. With the addition of more directional circuits our model could measure wind direction in the same manner, in theory. 6

7. Wind Direction Sensor Results 7

8. Wind Direction Sensor Conclusions 8 We are quite pleased with how well this instrument turned out, it is durable and its success lies in its simplicity. Because we used a 0-10v DC supply to begin with we could connect the vane directly to our PLC which was helpful and because there is a substantial difference between each of our 8 input voltages it is unlikely that an error could occur in the PLC.

9. Temperature Variable Assembly LM 324N: Used to amplify voltage using negative feedback Resistor values R i =474 Ω R f =10 kΩ Gain ( ) = 22.09 With these resistor values, we got a gain of 22.09, which enabled us to get a maximum voltage swing from the LM 324N amplifier. V out V in RfRiRfRi = 1+ V out V in Soldered cables with heat shrink LM35 temperature sensor LM 324N Instrumentation amplifier

10. Complete Assembly

11. Temperature v Amplified Voltage

12. Block Diagram & Conclusions Conclusions Max. operating temperature from LM35 = 100  C Min. operating temperature from LM35 = 0  C – Unsuitable for detecting negative temperatures Amplified output voltage is linearly proportional to the temperature (  C) Low power consumption Good output voltage swing from amplifier for A/D conversion in the PLC 9V Battery LM324N amplifier PLC A/D card (12 bit) PLC A/D card (12 bit) PC SCADA System LM35 (0-35  C) LM35 (0-35  C) 0-0.35 V 0-7.76 V 0-1900 counts Website Display HTML language

13. Light/Dark Sensor Construction Circuit Connection The circuit is built based on LDR (photo resistor) an operational amplifier 741 The LDR is used as a light sensor which resistance change with intensity of Light Op Amp 741 amplifies voltages going out from LDR to reach the PLC specification 0-10V 0.36-1.3 V0-1900 Counts 13

14. Light/Dark Sensor Objectives Characteristic of LDR Main Objectives of the device The LDR Characteristic shows decrease resistance compare to increase light intensity (LUX) Ideally the sensor should detect even small changes in light intensity and convert them to relative voltage between 0-10V 14

15. Light/Dark Sensor Results Device ResultsOp Amp Input LDR Measurements 15

16. Light/Dark Sensor Conclusions Final Conclusions and changes The main goal was achieved. The device works and detect light changes. Sensitivity regulation is possible by changes in potentiometer's resistance, however the resolution stays on the low level. It means that the sensor works in mode on/off and doesn’t detect small changes in the light intensity. The supply voltage was decreased from 12V to 9V to provide suitable power source from two batteries 4.5V connected in series. By changes in power supply the “Dark Voltage” drops from 11.22V below 10V and can be detect by PLC. Despite the device doesn’t work as was assumed at the beginning of the project it’s still can be used in the project as Light/dark sensor or cloud detector. 16