1. CSE115: Introduction to Computer Science I Dr. Carl Alphonce 219 Bell Hall 645-4739 alphonce@buffalo.edu 1

2. Announcements Cell phones OFF and put away Name signs out Lab 1 starts this week Exam 1 next week (!) –Monday: review –Wednesday: exam 2

3. Problem solving How do we go about solving a problem? Simplification through abstraction is key. –A process of iterative refinement –Start with little detail in solution –Refine solution, adding more detail

4. Example Describe the game of soccer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer

5. Executable Model Conceptual Model Apply same idea to developing software solutions:

6. The conceptual model A model of the problem domain Problem domain consists of: –objects properties capabilities –relationships between objects

7. PROGRAM CODE Executable Model MACHINE EXECUTABLE Initial Conceptual Model Problem Domain Iterative refinement of model Compilation A more refined picture (iterative refinement in action!)

8. Tools Editor Compiler Execution environment Integrated Development Environment (IDE) DrJava, Eclipse, NetBeans, Emacs, etc. 8

9. Review Software development is an iterative and incremental process. OO software systems are systems of interacting objects. Objects have –properties: things objects know (think of the counting object last class) –behaviors: things objects do (think of the “jumping jack” object)

10. How do we create objects? –new example1.Terrarium() –There are three parts to this expression: new example1.Terrarium ()

11. Let’s try it! We use a tool called Eclipse… …and a plug-in for Eclipse called DrJava DrJava provides an interactions pane

12. Eclipse tour terminology –view: a subwindow in Eclipse –perspective: a collection of views Eclipse: a framework for building tools –Eclipse is extended via plug-ins –a plug-in: Java Development Tools (JDT) –others: DrJava, Green, CDT, …

13. Expression evaluation evaluating new example1.Terrarium() –causes an object to be created and initialized –produces a value

14. (part of) memory 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

15. evaluating a ‘new’ expression used available used 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 When evaluating an expression like ‘new example1.Terrarium()’, the operator ‘new’ first determines the size of the object to be created (let us say it is four byte for the sake of this example)

16. evaluating a ‘new’ expression used reserved by ‘new’ available used 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 When evaluating an expression like ‘new example1.Terrarium()’, the operator ‘new’ first determines the size of the object to be created (let us say it is four bytes for the sake of this example) Next, new must secure a contiguous block of memory four bytes large, to store the representation of the object.

17. evaluating a ‘new’ expression used 10101010 available used 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 When evaluating an expression like ‘new example1.Terrarium()’, the operator ‘new’ first determines the size of the object to be created (let us say it is four byte for the sake of this example) Next, new must secure a contiguous block of memory four bytes large, to store the representation of the object. Bit strings representing the object are written into the reserved memory locations.

18. evaluating a ‘new’ expression used 10101010 available used 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 When evaluating an expression like ‘new example1.Terrarium()’, the operator ‘new’ first determines the size of the object to be created (let us say it is four byte for the sake of this example) Next, new must secure a contiguous block of memory four bytes large, to store the representation of the object. Bit strings representing the object are written into the reserved memory locations. The starting address of the block of memory holding the object’s representation is the value of the ‘new’ expression. This address is called a ‘reference’.

19. evaluating a ‘new’ expression 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 A similar thing happens when we evaluate another ‘new’ expression like ‘new example1.Caterpillar()’. used available used

20. reserved by ‘new’ available used evaluating a ‘new’ expression 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 A similar thing happens when we evaluate another ‘new’ expression like ‘new example1.Caterpillar()’. Supposing that an example1.Caterpillar object occupies two bytes of memory, new reserves a contiguous block of two bytes…

21. used 11110000 available used evaluating a ‘new’ expression 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 A similar thing happens when we evaluate another ‘new’ expression like ‘new example1.Caterpillar()’. Supposing that an example1.Caterpillar object occupies two bytes of memory, new reserves a contiguous block of two bytes, writes bit strings representing the object to those memory locations, and the starting address of this block of memory is the value of the ‘new’ expression.

22. DrJava’s response When we evaluate these ‘new’ expressions in DrJava, what is the response we get? > new example1.Terrarium() example1.Terrarium[frame0,0,0,608x434,layout=java.awt.BorderLayout,tit le=,resizable,normal,defaultCloseOperation=EXIT_ON_CLOSE,rootPane=j avax.swing.JRootPane[,4,30,600x400,layout=javax.swing.JRootPane$Roo tLayout,alignmentX=0.0,alignmentY=0.0,border=,flags=16777673,maximu mSize=,minimumSize=,preferredSize=],rootPaneCheckingEnabled=true] > new example1.Caterpillar() example1.Caterpillar@bd93cd

23. DrJava’s response These responses don’t look like memory addresses. What’s going on? After DrJava evaluates the expression, it must print the value. The way Java works, when a reference is printed a textual representation of the object it refers to is produced (as defined by the object itself)

24. Object communication To put an example1.Caterpillar object inside an example1.Terrarium object: > new example1.Terrarium().add(new example1.Caterpillar())