Welcome to the World of Architecture

Welcome to the World of Architecture
Chapter 1 The World of Architecture Welcome to the World of Architecture

The Cape Cod

The Cape Cod Developed over 200 years ago. Very traditional home
Usually built as 1 or ½ story but later 2 stories have become common Originally had a steep roof with little overhang Eve lines are near the top of the window

The Cape Ann Very much like the Cape Code except for the chimney
The Chimney is usually centrally located and larger than the Cape Cod The home consists of simple lines and sound construction and a feel of colonial atmosphere.

The New England Gambrel

The New England Gambrel
Variation of the colonial home but features a Gambrel Rood where the pitch is abruptly changed. The advantage of the Gambrel roof is the extra headroom and usable living space

The Garrison

The Garrison The traditional feature of the Garrison is the overhanging second floor. The separate corner posts make it possible to use shorter stronger posts. The short straight lines provide economy in framing materials. Extra space is added at the second level by the overhang at very little extra cost.

The Salt Box

The Salt Box Considered a Colonial
Consists of a long roofline sloping generally from ridge to eaves. Gets its name from the shape of coffee, tea, cracker and salt boxes found in Colonial stores. The long slanting roof was helpful in combating the bitter winds common to New England winters.

The Southern Colonial

The Southern Colonial This house was designed to express a mood of elegance and traditional charm. Outstanding features include the front colonnade and portico. Usually massive with upper and lower balconies Three story chimneys for bedroom fireplaces Ornate woodwork and iron trim Roof over the driveway

Modern Structures

Modern Structures Many of today’s structures are well planned while others lack imagination or design balance. The term modern does not denote any one particular architectural style. Most modern homes borrow distinctive features from traditional features.

Modern Homes The most important job of the architect is to design homes that satisfy the customers. The rapid development of new construction materials and methods of fabrication has made it possible to design homes that require minimum maintenance.

The Ranch Design

The Ranch Design Long low one story house that grew out of the rancher’s homes of the southwestern part of the country. Low pitched roof Gables and overhanging eaves One or two car attached garage Contain basements

Trends in Architecture
Many homes are designed for dramatic effects Many are designed for a particular style The BIG trend is to design a home that is dramatic yet comfortable.

Chapter 2 The Basic House Design

Four Main Designs for Residential Homes
One Story (Ranch) One-and-one half story Two story Split

The One Story Ranch Design
Living space is located on one level Lends self to beautiful indoor and outdoor living Absence of stairs…unless it has a basement

The One Story Ranch Low pitched roof with wide overhangs
Outside is easy to maintain due to one story May be built with full basement

Disadvantage of Ranch Design
More costly to build Requires more roof area Requires more foundation

Requires a larger lot Maintainace costs may be more expensive due to large roof and exterior wall surface

One-and-One Half Story Design
This home is often called the Cape Cod One story with steeper roof which allows for expansion of the attic Dormers

Advantages of 11/2 Story Economy Built in expansability
Bedrooms and bath are generally built into attic space Second floor is about ½ the size of the first floor.

One-and-One Half Story
Could be left unfinished at first Heating costs are minimal Rooms must be planned for the ultimate number of occupants

The Two Story More economical to build than Ranch or the 1 ½ story designs Requires smaller lot Heating and cooling is economical

The Two Story Not as popular today as when it was introduced.
Usually traditional in style

Disadvantages of Two Story
Maintenance may be difficult and more costly Does not lend itself to variations in style

The Split Design Designed for the sloping or hilly lot
Takes advantage of troublesome elevation.

The Split Design Lowest level houses heating and cooling equipment, storage and shop or washroom Basement occupies percent of house space.

The Split Design The Intermediate Level
Generally houses garage and recreation area Ground level Patio Porch Terrace

The Split Design The Living Level
Also located at grade level Kitchen, dining room, living room, Full or half bath, Foyer, mud room, wash room may also be located on this level. Patios and terraces

The Split Design The Sleeping Area
The highest level of the house The half-level difference between the living and sleeping levels affords greater privacy and quietness

The Split Design Often more expensive than two story but cheaper than a ranch Heating tends to be a problem but is resolved by different thermostats

Variations of Split-Level Design
Side-by-Side Front-to-Back Back-to-Front Depending on the way the lot is sloped

Traffic Circulation Primary consideration
Moving from one room to another Planned with maximum efficiency

Traffic Circulation Distance from garage to kitchen should be short and direct Foyer should be centrally located All bedrooms need to be close to a bath Few rooms have traffic patterns Family room and eating nook are exceptions

Primary Considerations
Chapter 3

What to consider: Neighbors Climate Shopping Transportation
Room for Expansion

Cost & Restrictions Costs tree removal grading drainage The deed

Zoning and Codes Zoning Ordinances Commercial or Residential

Topographical Features
Slope Contour Size Shape Elevations Trees Rocks Soil/Water Conditions

Family Needs Find/Build a home that fits needs of family Eating
Sleeping Laundry Hobbies Studying etc.

Other Considerations Planning the home not only from inside-out.

Modular Aspects Modular homes Factory build homes Utilize materials
adding extra foot around house not big expense

Modular Aspects Material Size Plywood - 4’ X 8’ Paneling - 4’ x 8’
Concrete Block Modules of 4” Lumber 8’, 10’, 12,’ 16’ To reduce waste

Drawings include a set of plans
Plot Plan Foundation Plan Floor Plan Elevations Electrical Plan Construction Details Pictorial Representation

Primary Consideration
Chapter 3

What to consider: Site Consideration Community Cost
Zoning restrictions Style Location Schools

Room for Expansion

The Bedroom Chapter 5

The Bedroom Home divided into three basic areas Sleeping Living
Service

The Sleeping Area Bedrooms Baths Dressing Room Nurseries

The Bedroom Should be located in the Southwest corner of the house
Homes are categorized into categories of 2,3 & 4 Bedroom homes The 3 BR home has the greatest sale potential Bedrooms are located on a separate wing of the house or upstairs

The Bedroom FHA minimum - 100 Square Feet
Average Square feet Largest Bedroom is referred to as the Master Bedroom

Bedroom Closets 4 linear feet for a man’s closet
6 linear feet for a woman’s closet Minimum of two feet deep Should be 30 inches if possible Located along interior wall of Bedroom

Access to Bedroom Closets
Variety of Options Bifold door 8’ in length Accordion Door in 8’ length Flush Door Door Height = 6’-8” Be sure to have good lighting in closet

Bedroom Windows Windows on two walls if possible

Bedroom Doors Doors swings into Bedroom
Locate door near corner of Bedroom At least one entry door 1 3/8” Thick 6’-8” Height 2’ to 3’ Wide minimum of 2’-6” wide

Assignment Design an average size bedroom according to the FHA specifications. Make a plan view drawing of the room including bed, dresser, chest pf drawers, and other furniture to meet the needs of your own activities. You may want to include study or reading areas. Attach a closet to the bedroom. 3’ x 8’ with maximum door access

Living Room Chapter 6

Living Area Composed of a number of rooms Living room Dining room
recreation or family room den or study special purpose rooms foyer patios guest bedroom

Living Room Center of Activity Play room for children TV room
Conversation Place

Living Room Size Small Medium (average) Large 150 square feet

Most Important Questions Regarding Size of Living Room
1. What furniture is planned to this room? 2. How aften will the room be used? 3. How many people are expected to use the room? 4. How many functions are combined in this room? 5. Is the living room size in proportion to the remainder of the house?

Living Room Location Traffic pattern should not pass through living room Slightly raise or lower the floor to help discourage “thru traffic” Room should be positioned at grade level No main entrance way in room

Living Room Large windows or sliding doors give the room of feeling of spaciousness. Adequate wall space for furniture Located near dining room Should be exciting and colorful

The Dining Room Most modern homes have dining rooms
The function is to provided a special place for eating

The Dining Room Size Small - 120 square feet Medium - 180 square feet
Large square feet and larger

The Dining Room Possible Furniture to Include
Rectangular, Oval, or Round Table China Cabinet or Hutch Buffet Server or Cart Corner Cabinet Dining Chairs

Dining Room Chairs Allow at least 2’-3” from center line to center line of dining room chair Allow 2’-0” space for serving (behind the chair to the wall or piece of furniture).

Location of Dining Room
Adjacent to the kitchen near family/living room between kitchen and living room (ideal)

Dining Room Lighting should be able to be adjusted to set a mood
Bright warm and cheerful atmosphere should be presented

Entryway and Foyer All houses have at least one entryway but not necessarily a foyer

Entryway Three basic types of entryways Main Entry Service Entry
Special Purpose Entry

Entryway Main Entryway Designed to Impress Need not be large
Creative use of materials will enhance beauty Centrally located Should lead into foyer rather than room

Entryway Main Entryway
Should be designed so that caller can be viewed from inside the home Protection from weather is a consideration Entry doors are normally 3’-0” wide x 1 ¾” Thick x 6’-8”High

Entryway Service Entrance Usually connected to the kitchen
May pace a mud room or utility room between the door and kitchen

Entryway Special Purpose Entries
Those providing access to patios, decks and terraces Not intended to be striking

Foyer Functions as a place to greet guests and remove coats
Floor must be made of materials not affected by moisture and dirt Must have coat closet Minimum size – 2’x3’ but 30” x 4’-0” is more desirable

Foyer Size of Foyer depends on several factors The size of home
Cost of the home Location Personal preference

Foyer Minimum foyer size Average foyer size Large foyer size 6’ x 6’
Anything larger than 8’ x 10’

Foyer Often provide access to other rooms in house through halls
Hall spaces should be kept to minimum Minimum hall width – 3’-0” More desirable – 3’-6” to 4’-0”

Family Recreation Room
The family recreation room provides a place where the family can play or pursue hobbies Designed for functionality and maintenance Often provides for overflow of space if needed

Can be places near patio to take advantage of pool, outdoor picnics or sunbathing Often located in basement Common size – 12’ x 20’

Patios, Porches and Courts
Architect should plan for outdoor living

Patios Near house but not structurally connected
Usually at ground level Concrete, brick, and stone are common materials used Designed for entertainment, relaxation, playing, living

Patios Locate patio to ensure privacy
Off living, dining or family room

Patio Size Small – 10’ x 14’ Large – 20’ x 30’
Should be designed proportional to the house Take into consideration the sun, wind and view

Porch Structurally connected to the home Usually covered

Courts May posses characteristics of both a patio and a porch
Used for dining, relaxation and entertaining Often used to break up floor plans Provide natural light into the home

Room Planning and Service Area
Chapter 7

Chapter 7 The service area supplements the Living and sleeping areas of the house. Includes: Kitchen, Laundry, Work Center, Utility, Garage and Storage

Kitchen Food preparation but can be used for dining, laundry, and storage Usually the most expensive room in the house

Efficient Kitchen Placement of appliances
Providing adequate storage cabinets food preparation facilities Minimum amount of walking distance

The Work Triangle Measure of kitchen efficiency
Lines drawn from the center of the range, sink and refrigerator Lengths of lines are added together Practical kitchen should not exceed a 21’ work triangle

Six Basic Kitchen Styles
Straight Line “L” Shaped Corridor “U” Shaped Peninsula Island

Straight Line Kitchen Used in cottages and apartments
Little space is required Two disadvantages Not very interesting Provides little cabinet space

“L” Shaped Kitchen Located along two adjacent walls attractive
Two work centers are located along one wall and a third along another wall Not intended for large kitchens

The Corridor Kitchen Located on two walls opposite each other
Small to medium size Ideal for long, narrow room Open space between the cabinets should be at least four feet

The “U” Shaped Kitchen Most popular design High level of efficiency
No through traffic Work triangle is compact and functional

The Peninsula Kitchen Popular because it provides plenty of work space
Attractive Easily joined to the dining room using the peninsula as a divider Peninsula may be used as a cooking center, eating area, food preparation Traffic is reduced to a minimum Work triangle is compact

The Island Kitchen Island may house the sink, cooking center, food preparation, work space, snack bar Island should be accessible from all sides At least four feet clearance should be allowed on all sides of the island

Cabinets and Appliances

Appliances are available in a variety of styles, colors, and sizes Standards are located on page 137

Cabinets Provide most storage in kitchens
Available in standard sizes but can be custom made Standard base cabinets are 34 1/2” high, 24” deep, and width increments in 3” multiples (15”, 18”, 21”)

Cabinets Wall cabinets are either 12 or 13 inches deep (standard)
Cabinets are 12” to 30” high in increments of 3 inches

Cabinets Figure 7-26 on page 140
manufactures numbers are located on each cabinet wall cabinets are represented by a hidden line

Kitchen Location Near outside door for easy access to trash
Near dining room Windows should be placed so that children can be observed in yard Near laundry room Near bathroom

Ventilation Wall fan is good but hood with fan is better
Exhaust should not be expelled into the attic

Kitchen Decor Pleasant Well Lighted - over work stations
Colors of appliances should be consistent with the overall design of the kitchen Kitchen materials should be easy to maintain

Clothing Care Centers Located near the kitchen
Should include place to take care of laundry Washer Dryer Ironing board Sewing machine

Assignments

Chapter 2 The Basic House Design

Four Main Designs for Residential Homes
One Story (Ranch) One-and-one half story Two story Split

The One Story Ranch Design
Living space is located on one level Lends self to beautiful indoor and outdoor living Absence of stairs…unless it has a basement

The One Story Ranch Low pitched roof with wide overhangs
Outside is easy to maintain due to one story May be built with full basement

More costly to build Requires more roof area Requires more foundation