1. University of California, Berkeley Nuclear Science Division, LBNL
The Berkeley Update: Atomic-Physics Tests of Fundamental Symmetries Parity Violation and Testing Bose Statistics
Dmitry Budker
University of California, Berkeley
Nuclear Science Division, LBNL
Cairns
July 25, 2010

2. Outline Measurement of atomic in Yb
Testing for Bose-statistics violation
in Ba 2γ transitions

3. Atomic PV (a.k.a. PNC) landmarks
1959 Ya. B. Zel’dovich:
PNC (Neutr. Current)  Opt. Rotation in atoms
1974 M.-A. & C. Bouchiat
Z3 enhancement  PV observable in heavy atoms
Novosibirsk, Berkeley
discovery of PV in OR(Bi) and Stark-interf.(Tl)
…1995 Boulder, Oxford, Seattle, Paris
PV measured to 1-2% in Cs, Tl, Bi, Pb
1997 Boulder
0.35% measurement, discovery of anapole moment
26 years
2009 Berkeley Large APV in Yb (personal landmark)

4. What were we doing all this time?
Bi, diatomic molecules, Sm
(Novosibirsk) with L. M. Barkov and M. Zolotorev Tl
(Berkeley) with E. D. Commins, D. DeMille, and M. Zolotorev Dy
M. Zolotorev, D. DeMille, E. D. Commins, A.-T.Nguyen,
A. Cingoz, N. Leefer Sm
S. M. Rochester Yb
S. J. Freedman, D. DeMille, C. J. Bowers, G. Gwinner, J. E. Stalnaker, D. F. Kimball, V. V. Yashchuk, K. Tsigutkin, A. Family, D. Dounas-Frazer,…

5. Why did it take so long to detect PNC?
Dr. A.-T. Nguyen says: it was deposited

6. Parity Violation in Yb: motivation
Atomic Physics:
Verification of large predicted atomic PV effect
(x100 Cs; DeMille, Kozlov et al, Das et al)
Nuclear Physics:
Nuclear spin-dependent PV – anapole moments (valence neutrons)
Isotopic ratios and neutron distributions (7 stable isotopes; N=8)

7. Anapole Moment of a current distribution (e.g., a nucleus)
Ya. B. Zel’dovich
T-conserving; P-violating

8. Atomic Yb: energy levels and transitions
+5d6p
PV amplitude: 10-9e·a0
DeMille (1995)
|M1|10-4 μB
J.E. Stalnaker, et al, PRA 66(3), (2002)
β2·10-8 ea0/(V/cm)
C.J. Bowers et al, PRA 59(5), 3513 (1999); J.E. Stalnaker et al, PRA 73, (2006)

9. Stark-PV-interference technique (invented by the Bouchiats in 1970s)

10. Electric and magnetic fields define handedness
The Yb PV Experiment
Electric and magnetic fields define handedness

11. Reversals and pseudo-reversals
E-field reversal (14 ms: 70-Hz modulation)
Lineshape scan (200 ms/point x 100 pts/lineshape = 40 s)
B-field reversal (every few minutes)
Polarization angle (occasionally)
E-field magnitude
B-field magnitude
Angle magnitude

12. Yb PV Amplitude: Results
z/b=39(4)stat.(5)syst. mV/cm  |z|=(8.7±1.4)×10-10 ea0
Accuracy is affected by HV-amplifier noise, fluctuations of stray fields, and laser drifts → improved for the next phase

13. Progress in Yb APV Completed Work Near Future… Further Ahead (?)
Lifetime Measurements
General Spectroscopy (hyperfine shifts, isotope shifts)
dc Stark Shift Measurements
Stark-Induced Amplitude (β): 2 independent measurements
M1 Measurement (Stark-M1 interference)
ac Stark Shift Measurements
Verification of APV enhancement
Near Future…
Verification of expected isotopic dependence
PV in odd isotopes: NSD PV, Anapole Moment
PV in a string of isotopes; neutron distributions, …
Further Ahead (?)
Testing the Standard Model [Brown et al PHYSICAL REVIEW C 79, (2009)]

14. K. Tsigutkin A. Family D. Dounas-Frazer
post-doc undergrad grad.student
V. V. Yashchuk S. J. Freedman J. E. Stalnaker

15. 2. The Ba 2γ experiment:
Damon English

16. The degenerate two-photon transition selection rule
S. N Bose
Destructive interference of two quantum paths

17. 1999
DeMille 1

18. The Berkeley Experiment
Point out what parts we have and tested: ie, the lasers, the source, the collimator.
Animated version: YouTube: Test of Bose-Einstein statistics for photons

19. Results

20. Results

21. Splitting effect Mixing Effect

22. Outline Measurement of atomic in Yb
Testing for Bose-statistics violation
in Ba 2γ transitions

23. Yb PNC signature