1. Computer Software & Software Development H&K Chapter 1 Instructor – Gokcen Cilingir Cpt S 121 (June 20, 2011) Washington State University

2. Problem Solving Problem solving is the process of transforming the description of a problem into the solution of that problem. We are, as human machines, are problem solving agents. We have receptors to perceive our environment, we detect problems, design problem- solving strategies and tools, apply our solutions and get output. Steps involved in any problem solving process: ◦ Get the input ◦ Calculate/Create/Perform what is needed to solve the problem ◦ Output the result

3. In this class… We’re going to learn how to translate solution strategies to given problems into C programs. For given problems, we’re going to design sets of instructions that can be executed by a computer, which provides general solutions. Algorithm: A sequence of instructions that solve a problem

4. Greatest common divisor Problem: Find the largest positive integer that divides the given two positive integers evenly (i.e., the greatest common divisor(GCD) ). Solve a problem instance → math Solve the general problem, i.e. describe the procedure to calculate GCD of any two numbers → algorithm design

5. Euclid’s Algorithm Problem: Find the largest positive integer that divides the given two positive integers evenly(i.e., the greatest common divisor). Algorithm: 1. Assign M and N the values of the larger and smaller of the two positive integers, respectively. 2. Divide M by N and call the remainder R. 3. If R is not 0, then assign M the value of N, assign N the value of R, and return to Step 2. Otherwise, the greatest common divisor is the value currently assigned to N.

6. Finding the GCD of 24 and 9 (Specific Solution) MN R 249 6 9 6 3 63 0 So, GCD of 24 and 9 is 3.

7. Euclid’s Algorithm (con’t) Do we need to know the theory that Euclid used to come up with this algorithm in order to use it? Is this the only algorithm that solves the GCD problem? What intelligence is required to find the GCD using this algorithm? Can you make a machine that only understands from 1s and 0s follow these instruction? > With enough layers of encoding and abstraction, sure!

8. The Idea Behind Algorithms Once an algorithm behind a task has been discovered We don't need to understand the principles. The task is reduced to following the instructions. The intelligence is "encoded into the algorithm."

9. Why bother writing an algorithm? If we can specify an algorithm, we can automate the solution A computing agent (human, robot, computer) can interpret and carry out the instructions to solve the problem

10. Examples of Algorithms Washing machine instructions Instructions for baking a dish Finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two numbers using Euclid’s algorithm

11. Washing Machine Instructions Separate clothes into white clothes and colored clothes. For white clothes: Set water temperature knob to HOT. Place white laundry in tub. For colored clothes: Set water temperature knob to COLD. Place colored laundry in tub. Add 1 cup of powdered laundry detergent to tub. Close lid and press the start button.

12. Observations About the Washing Machine Instructions There are a finite number of well-ordered steps. Each of the instructions are executable: we are capable of doing each of them. At certain level of understanding, each of the instructions are unambiguous. When we have followed all of the steps, the washing machine will wash the clothes and then will stop. So that we’ll observe the result in finite amount of time.

13. Formal Definition of Algorithm An algorithm is a A well ordered collection... Of unambiguous (clear) and effectively computable operations... That produces a result... And halts in a finite amount of time.

14. Algorithm Representation Syntax and Semantics Syntax refers to the representation itself. Semantics refers to the concept represented (i.e., the logic). In the English language, we have both syntax and semantics. Syntax is the grammar of the language, semantics is the meaning. Same applies to all languages.

15. How are Algorithms Put Together? Sequential instructions do them in the order given Conditional instructions do them if a condition is true Iterative instructions do them while a condition is true C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon

16. Sequential instructions A series of steps or statements that are executed in the order they are written. Example: Display “Enter two numbers: “ Get number1 Get number2 sum = number1 + number2 Display “sum = “, sum

17. Conditional instructions Defines one or more courses of action depending on the evaluation of a condition. Synonyms: selection, branching, decision Examples: If (condition is true) If (condition is true) do this do this Else do that

18. Iterative instructions Allows one or more statements to be repeated as long as a given condition is true. Synonyms: looping, repetition Example: While (condition is true) do this Notice the repetition structure in Euclid’s Algorithm

19. Can Algorithms Solve All Problems? Some problems are unsolvable No algorithmic solution exists Some problems have no tractable solution, meaning no solution can be found in a reasonable amount of time “Brute-force” algorithms We simply don’t know an algorithm that will solve some problems Many “artificial intelligence” problems rely on heuristic search C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon

20. Formal Definition of Computer Science Computer science is the study of algorithms including their formal and mathematical properties their hardware realizations their linguistic realizations their applications It spans theory and practice It requires thinking in abstract and concrete terms C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon

21. High-Level Programming Languages (1) High-level programming languages The continuum of languages: Low-level languages were created from the perspective of the machine High-level languages, in contrast, are geared toward human programmers C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon

22. High-Level Programming Languages (2) Problem: Computers can’t understand high-level programming languages Solution: They must be translated Programmer uses a text editor to write a text-based source file in a programming language Compiler translates source file Checks to make sure that program is syntactically correct If so, the compiler translates the program into an object file with machine language instructions C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon22

23. High-Level Programming Languages (3) Object file translated by compiler will not execute! High-level programs often make use of software libraries containing predefined pieces of code, including Math functions Input/output functions In order to execute, object file must be linked to object files containing these predefined pieces of code A Linker program performs this operation A Loader program loads the linked program into memory so that it can be executed C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon23

24. Figure 1.11 of H&K : Entering, Translating, and Running a High-Level Language Program

25. High-Level Programming Languages (4) Executing Programs In this class, programs will execute in a text- based window called a console Input data can be entered at command-line prompts Output results will be displayed in the console window In the real world, most programs have a graphical user interface GUI programming is, however, beyond the scope of this course C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon25

26. High-Level Programming Languages (5) Integrated Development Environments (IDE) Combine compiler, linker, and loader with a source code editor Insulate programmers from the details of compiling, linking, and loading Provide a variety of tools to assist programmers, for example, Source code syntax highlighting Auto-completion lists ("Intellisense") A debugger, which allows a programmer to step through programs, one instruction at a time C. Hundhausen, A. O’Fallon26

27. References J.R. Hanly & E.B. Koffman, Problem Solving and Program Design in C (6 th Ed.), Addison-Wesley, 2010 http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/104/fall05/ ordonez/powerpoint/ http://www.cs.umbc.edu/courses/104/fall05/ ordonez/powerpoint/ http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/~aofallon/cpts121/