1. Gene Expression *Protein coding gene Genes control inherited variation via: DNA, RNA and protein *Gene DNAPhenotypeRNAProtein ReplicationTranscriptionTranslation Phenotype

2. Proteins and Heredity 1902 Archibald Garrod linked biochemistry and inheritance *Hereditary information controls chemical reactions (in the body)

3. Genes to Proteins

4. Transcription *RNA polymerase reminder: RNA contains ribose, phosphate group and A, C, G and U (not T) *RNA polymerase (from E. coli )  2  ’  *Sigma factor Core *Core Sigma factor Holoenzyme

5. Transcription in Eukaryotes *RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I – rRNA (18S, 28S) RNA polymerase II – mRNA RNA polymerase III – small RNA’s ( tRNA, 5S rRNA, snRNA’s) Eukaryotic promotors: Goldberg-Hogness box, TATA box, -25 (all) Hogness box CAAT box, -80 (many) CAAT box Regulatory sequences

6. Transcriptional Elongation:

7. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes:

8. Translation: The Players

9. 60S40S *Ribosome Structure 70S Small Subunit Large Subunit 50S 30S 80S rRNA: lsu 2 3 lsu 2 3 ssu 1 1 ssu 1 1Proteins: lsu 31 49 lsu 31 49 ssu 21 33 ssu 21 33

10. tRNA Structure

11. tRNA Charging

12. The Coding Dictionary 5’3’ A U G U U U G C A U A A MetPheAla

13. Translation Initiation

14. Translation Elongation

15. Translation Elongation, con’t

16. Translation Termination

17. *Translation– the formation of a protein, directed by an mRNA in association with ribosomes Review: Translation Players: ribosomes, mRNA, tRNAs, translation factors Three stages of translation:  Initiation - Recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome  Elongation - Synthesis of nacent polypeptide  Termination - Release of polypeptide from the ribosome Prokaryotes 70S 30S and 50S 1 and 2 21 and 34 unprocessed Shine-Delgarno Some 3 2 2 Components Monosome Subunits rRNA Proteins mRNA ssu+mRNA Factors Initiation Elongation Termination Eukaryotes 80S 40S and 60S 1 and 3 33 and 49 processed Kozak consensus Many ~14 2 2