1. Research Opportunities at LCLS September 2011 Joachim Stöhr

2. Five Revolutions in “light” 1879 - Invention of the light bulb 1895 - Discovery of X-Rays 1960 - Invention of the LASER 1970 - Synchrotron radiation x-rays - SSRL 2009 - The first x-ray laser - LCLS

3. The speed of things – the smaller the fas t manifestation of the physical concept of “inertia” = resistance to motion, action, or change atoms “electrons” & “spins” macro molecules molecular groups Laser flash

4. The new science paradigm: Static “structure” plus dynamic “function” Future technological speeds Present technological speeds Lasers X-ray Lasers

5. Important areas of LCLS research Because of their size, atoms and “bonds” can change fast but how do systems evolve? key areas of interest: equilibrium (phase diagrams of complex materials…) close to equilibrium (operation or function of a system…) far from equilibrium (transient states like a chemical reaction…) far, far from equilibrium (matter during inertial confinement fusion…)

6. “Equilibrium”: What is the structure of water? Small angle x-ray scattering shows inhomogeneity Disordered soup Ice like clusters Components probably dynamic – form and dissolve - can we take an ultrafast snapshot??

7. How do we image with LCLS?

8. magnetic switching today in 1 ns how fast can it be done? Electronic circuit Memory cell Magnetic structure of “bit” Computer chip “Close to equilibrium” – how does a device function: e.g. how does a spin current turn the magnetization ? “bit” in cell

9. What are the key intermediate reactive species? end reaction productsreaction dynamics & intermediates “Far from equilibrium”: How does a chemical reaction proceed?

10. “Far, far from equilibrium”: Warm and hot dense matter The properties of matter in extreme states - which on earth can only be created transiently on ultrafast time scale- Sample

11. “Image before destroy” snapshots femtosecond protein crystallography Atoms = electronic cores move slow enough so that “image before destruction” becomes possible at LCLS requirements:  maximum intensity for signal-to-noise  pulse length (~10 fs) shorter than atomic motion (100 fs)

12. LCLS facilities overview electron beam x-ray beam Injector 1km linac 14GeV AMO SXR XPP XCS CXI MEC Near-hall: 3 stations Far-hall: 3 stations Undulator hall

13. 132 meters of FEL undulators

14. Far Experimental Hall Near Experimental Hall AMO SXR XPP XCS CXI MEC X-ray Transport Tunnel 200 m Start of operation Oct-09AMO Spring-12 XCS February-11CXI October-10XPP May-10SXR MEC Fall-12 Experimental Halls and Operations Schedules < 30Hz 60Hz 60Hz, 120Hz since Jan 2011

15. Optical laser versus X-ray free electron laser Optical laserX-ray laser electrons in discrete energy states stimulated emission amplified through mirrors fixed photon energy low energy, long wavelength photons compact a bunch (~10 9 ) of free electrons stimulated emission amplified through electron ordering tunable photon energy high energy, short wavelength photons large

16. The end