1. Effective Image Database Search via Dimensionality Reduction Anders Bjorholm Dahl and Henrik Aanæs IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops

2. Outline  Introduction  Methods  LF-clustering  Experiments and Results  Discussion and Conclusion

3. Introduction  The bag-of-words approach 1. Feature extraction from the database images 2. Building the bag-of-words representation 3. Searching with a query image

4. Introduction  The Bag-of-word Model

5. Methods  Feature representation  Clustering  Feature assignment  Image matching

6. Feature representation  PCA is applied to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors  The reduction of the SIFT descriptor is from 128 to between 3 and 12 dimensions  After dimension reduction we add color to our features  the mean RGB value in a 10 × 10 pixels patch around the localization of each feature

7. Feature representation   is the PCA reduced SIFT feature  is the mean RGB values  is a weighing parameter ( ) 1. normalized to unit length 2. normalized

8. Clustering  Similar but faster than Mean-shift clustering

9. Feature assignment  Similarity of images are found by comparing frequency vectors of a query image to images in the database  Give each visual words a weight [16]  [16] D. Nister and H. Stewenius. Scalable recognition with a vocabulary tree. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), volume 2, pages 2161–2168, June 2006.

10. Image matching  Frequency vectors are compared using the norm  which is found to be superior to the euclidean distance [16]  norm gives equal weight to the overlapping and non-overlapping parts  Inverted files are used for fast image retrieval

11. Experiments and Results  Data set  first 1400 images form [16]  a series of 4 images of the same scene  Use three of the images from one scene to train the model and the last for testing  The test result is the percentage of the correct images ranked in top 3  data set is relatively small http://www.vis.uky.edu/~stewe/ukbench/

12. Experiments and Results  Data set ：

13. Experiments and Results  Experiments  Color added PCA SIFT  3, 8, and 12 dimensional PCA SIFT features added features are 6, 11, and 15 dimensions  compare with SIFT features reduced with PCA to 6, 11 and 15 dimensions (without color)  Clustering experiments  LF-clustering  from 8,000 to 12,000 clusters  k-means  10 clusters in 4 levels resulting in 10,000 clusters

14. Experiments and Results  Results

15. Experiments and Results  Results

16. Discussion and Conclusion  did not apply LF-clustering to the 128 dimensional SIFT features, because it performed very poorly  for future work the model should be tested on a larger set of data  A problem of the design of the bag-of-words model is it static nature  not designed for adding or removing images from the database